)
Table of contents :
: in the Po Valley, Italy, 40% of municipalities have wells whose atrazine
contents exceeds Italian laws due to intensive herbicide use in crop fields,
arsenic,
lead,
dioxins,
mercury,
....
and SO2
and NO2
and CO2,
concentration difficulties, dizziness, fatigue, nausea, irritation of the
eyes and respiratory tract that are believed to be related to negative
ambient factors at the workplace. The etiology is multifactorial. In persons
showing typical anxiety about the environment, SBS may also be considered
a variant of a somatoform disorder.
(from cosmetics, washed clothes, furnitures ...) : urea-formaldehyde
(UF) resins and adhesives (thermosetting polymers) and other solvents,
etc.,
fibreglass, dirt
bioaerosols in carpets, humidifiers, ...,
Legionella
pneumophila
mycotoxins
and MVC
from sprays)
:
: Pseudomonas
putida (Putidoil®)
and mercury.
The binding is cooperative and pH-sensitive.
: cleaning up contaminated soil around defunct asbestos mines and factories
is a lot harder than removing asbestos sheets from buildings. The widely-dispersed
fibres can easily become airborne if disturbed. Asbestos fibres are toxic
partly because they contain iron. This can cause the formation of highly
reactive chemicals called free radicals that damage DNA and trigger cancers.
Remove the iron and the asbestos becomes considerably less hazardous. Most
soil microorganisms grab hold of iron atoms in soil minerals and concentrate
it using siderophores. Fusarium
oxysporum (a common cause of plant rot), Mortierella
hyalina and Oidiodendron
maius (a fungus that attacks trees and shrubs) steal iron from
crocidolite, one of the most potently carcinogenic forms of asbestos, for
> 7 weeks. Moreover, the fungi bind asbestos fibres in a kind of web of
thin strands called hyphae, making them less liable to escape into the
air if the soil is disturbed. The far-reaching hyphae networks that fungi
spin throughout large areas of soil could immobilize asbestos fibres. To
use such microorganisms in field operations generally involves 'seeding'
the soil with a few spores and adding the nutrients that they need to grow.
: phytofiltration :
: genetically modified Indian
mustard (Brassica juncea) plants have successfully cleaned up
excessive selenium
in a California field. This is the first field trial for a pollution-busting
transgenic plant, and it proves that the technology can work outside the
laboratory, say the researchers who carried out the test. Farmland in certain
parts of California is heavily irrigated, and the water dissolves selenium
in shale found in the region. As the water evaporates on the surface soil,
selenium is concentrated to levels that are toxic to plants. But Indian
mustard has a natural resistance to the element, and absorbs it as it takes
in water through its roots. Indian mustard is able to grow fast and attain
a high biomass even under environmentally stressful conditions. The researchers
boosted Indian mustard's abilities by adding extra genes that produce selenium-hungry
enzymes. The transgenic plants could accumulate up to 4.3 times as much
selenium as conventional, wild-type Indian mustardref.
The researchers created 3 different strains of the transgenic mustard plants,
each producing different enzymes to soak up selenium, and tested them in
selenium-contaminated soils alongside wild-type Indian mustard. The transgenic
plants showed up to 80% of the growth expected in uncontaminated soil,
whereas the wild-type plants had their growth halved by the selenium. They
were harvested after 45 days in the field, but the researchers expect that
longer growth periods could remove more selenium, and estimate that the
most effective plants removed about 4.4% of the element in the top 25 cm
of soil. It's important to test these plants in the field, because
the results can often vary from those of greenhouse or laboratory surveys.
Dealing with toxic chemicals in soil is still a decidedly low-tech process.
The major way is to dig up the soil and bury it somewhere else. Chemical
treatments are also used for soil washing, but all of these options are
expensive and labour-intensive. They're also quite environmentally damaging.
The soil they leave is of very poor quality, and it takes a long time for
the site to regenerate. The science of using plants to remove unwanted
chemicals from soils, known as phytoremediation, has the potential to be
much cheaper, but it can take many years. The possibility of the transgenic
plants crossbreeding with food crops is a worry : if you're going to engineer
a plant to take up high quantities of metals, you must ensure it doesn't
get into food crops. They would have to be carefully contained with measures
above and beyond those for genetically modified food crops. The field trial
was carefully planned to ensure that there were no close relatives of Indian
mustard nearby, and that flowers were picked as soon as they appeared.
Ideally, the plants would be allowed to grow for much longer, so further
genetic engineering may be required to ensure that the pollen does not
contain the transgene. In a useful spin-off, the Indian mustard plants
could eventually be used as feed for cattle with insufficient selenium
in their diet. The team is now trying to boost the plants' power even more.
We'd like to see increases in accumulation of 10 to 100 times that possible
with wild-type plants| Pollution news
|
control products just prevent the fleas from reproducing, they don't kill
the fleas that are on the animal. In areas where plague is a concern, owners
should be sure to use a product that kills fleas. Also, make sure the product
you select is safe for cats if you intend to use the product on your cats.-laced
blood are about twice as susceptible to 3 common pesticides as those fed
untainted blood due to competitive inhibition of ABCB1
/ P-glycoprotein (P-GP) / MDR.
But in other contexts the insecticide-drug interaction is detrimental :
quinine-fed mosquitoes are more resistant to organophosphates,
the pesticides most widely used to control malaria-carrying insects. As
yet, the difference is a mystery. Since medicines for other parasitic diseases
such as lymphatic filariasis also inhibit P-gp activity, the pests that
cause these diseases - including tsetse flies, sand flies, ticks and bed
bugs - may similarly vary in their susceptibility to insecticides depending
on the contents of their blood meals.
bite late at night (mainly from 2300 - 0400 hrs), mosquito nets can
afford good protection. When nets are impregnated with the insecticide
permethrin
or some other pyrethroid, torn nets also become effective in protecting
against malaria. Insecticide-treated nets remain effective for 3-12 months
depending on what insecticide is used. They then need to re-impregnated,
which can be done simply by dipping them in an insecticidal solution.
However, the latest development involves impregnating the fibres
used to make nets with permethrin during their manufacture. Nets
made with such insecticide-impregnated fibres give protection against
bites from malaria mosquitoes for up to 4 years.
mosquitoes.|
|
|
|
| admissions |
|
|
| patient-days |
|
|
| average length of stay (days) |
|
|
| inpatient surgical procedures |
|
|
| nosocomial infections |
|
|
| incidence of nosocomial infections (no. per 1,000 patient-days) |
|
|
(25%)
(17%)
(12%)
(40%)
(15-20% : they are responsible for 24% of extra hospital days and 39% of
extra cost; in ICUs prevalence is 30-40% and mortality rate is 50%). Laboratory
examinations : bronchoscopy/BAL i important for immunocompromised patients,
open lung biopsy in patients who deteriorate despite "proper" therapy (aspergillosis
?), thoracocentesis
(18%) : in the USA :
(6%),
....
,
used to alter and control the acidity or alkalinity levels for different
desired effects, which can include preservation, added/altered tartness,
colour retention and to assist raising agents.,
used to ensure the free flow in products such as dried milks, icing sugar
and table salt.,
used to protect food against deterioration caused by exposure to air (oxidation),
such as fat rancidity, flavour deterioration or colour changes.,
used to restore or reinforce colour lost during processing or storage,
to give colour to foods which otherwise would be virtually colourless (such
as soft drinks) and to ensure uniformity from batch to batch.,
used to aid in the formation and maintenance of the dispersion of two or
more substances which would normally separate and not normally mix, such
as oil and water. Milk, mayonnaise and salad dressings are typical oil
in water emulsions, butter and margarine water in oil emulsions.,
used to provide a uniform dispersion of gas in a food.,
used to produce a protective coating or to impart a polish/sheen on the
surface of a food such as confectionery or citrus fruit.,
used to replace air in the packaging of foodstuffs susceptible to oxidation
but not necessarily shown on food labels.,
used to extend the shelf-life of products by preventing the growth of micro-organisms
which could otherwise cause food decay and, in some cases, food poisoning.,
a gas or volatile liquid used to expel foodstuffs from aerosols.,
used to maintain the physical state of a food and to stabilise, retain
or intensify the existing colour of a food, particularly emulsions, and
therefore often used with emulsifiers.,
there are two different types of sweeteners:
of infectious agents. Food-borne
diseases
account for 76 million infections, 325,000 hospitalizations, and 5,200
deaths per year in the USA.
and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA PCR
= 6-0-7.5
= 6.8-7.5
= 6-8
can expose the level of household wastewater (and of accompanying impurities
such as detergents and solvents) gushing into lakes and oceans to distinguish
domestic water flushed down sinks and toilets from agricultural effluent.
Copious amounts of caffeine end up down the drain in coffee-cup dregs and
urine. Although sewage treatment removes up to 99.9% of it, caffeine is
so abundant and chemically stable that it remains detectable. Other chemical
signatures of humans - such as prescription drugs, cosmetics
and toothpaste whiteners - are less useful because they break down
during water treatment and their use can change with time.
,
vegetative forms, most viruses and fungi, and not necessarily spores
nor bacterial spores
even in the presence of blood as a soil load,
on tonometer prisms and trial contact lenses. It is important to note that
a 3% solution of hydrogen peroxide, unless mixed with other chemicals to
accelerate and potentiate its activity, is a relatively weak germicide
and may require several hours of contact to be effective against susceptible
organisms such as vegetative bacteria and enveloped viruses.
to a phenolic for 5' effectively eliminates the ability of the virus to
attach to Vero cells.;
used as a topical anti-infective and detergent, mainly in soaps and dermatological
preparations, and in veterinary medicine to combat flukes in poultry and
ruminants
and HCV
but can fail in the absence of proper precleaning of the devices being
disinfected.
(8%) is indicated for terminal environmental disinfection. Leather,
books and fur-coats should be removed to prevent dangerous vapors.
is indicated for disinfection of rubber and plastic objects (cystoscopes,
bronchoscopes, ...)
(Cl2) gas (not exlopadable) forms hypochlorous acid (HClO),
a strong oxidizing agent. It can be mixed in water and has a residual activity
in drinking water potabilization
and HCV
in such blood. However, the use of undiluted bleach (> 50,000 ppm of available
chlorine) for the decontamination of shared needles and syringes requires
review.
infectivity,
has been used for evaluating the microbiological efficiency of sterilization
processes. In 1980 milk-specific F-values based on the chemical changes
of the content of milk ingredients were used to evaluate the UHT process
for the first time. All ingredients of milk, which follow a linear reduction-
or formation-curve in a half-logarithm temperature-time-diagram as a result
of UHT-heat treatment, could be used to calculate the various different
F-values. Systematic investigations for numerous milk ingredients have
shown that this is indeed the case. Because the destruction curves for
microorganism are steeper than those for chemical reactions of milk ingredients,
it is possible to optimize UHT-processes in respect of necessary microbiological
destruction and minimum change of the product. Methods of sterilization
:,
rather than true psychrophiles,
are the usual cause of food spoilage in refrigerated foods (Lysteria
moncytogenes)
even at T < 4°C. Perishable, refrigerated foods that have been without
refrigeration and at > 40°F for more than 2 hours should be discarded.
Refrigerated foods that should be discarded include meat (red meat, chicken,
seafood), hot dogs, bacon, pizza, open canned meats, soft cheeses, milk,
yogurt, eggs or egg dishes, fresh cut fruits, opened mayonnaise, Worcestershire
sauce, creamy salad dressings, opened tomato sauces, biscuits, rolls, cookie
dough, cooked pasta, pasta salads, cheesecake, cream-filled pastries, cooked
vegetables, baked potatoes, and potato salad. Any perishable food that
has thawed for > 2 hours and is above 40°F-- whether from the refrigerator
or the freezer -- should be discarded. Food items that can be kept for
a limited period of time without refrigeration include: Hard, processed
cheeses: (e.g., cheddar, swiss, parmesan, provolone, romano); butter, margarine;
opened fruit juices, opened canned fruits, peanut butter, jellies and mustards,
opened vinegar-based dressings, breads, rolls, cakes, muffins, breads,
waffles, pancakes, bagels, pies, fruit, herbs, spices, and raw vegetables.
Any food items discarded should be disposed of in double-bagged plastic
garbage bags and should be well-tied, and/or in sealed plastic containers
or sealed (e.g. zipper-locked) plastic bags. After the power returned,
it is ok to refreeze frozen foods that still
and Mycobacterium
tuberculosis.
Minimum temperature and time requirements for milk pasteurization are based
on thermal death time studies for the most heat resistant pathogen found
in milk, Coxiella burnetii.
The procedure kills most pathogenic bacteria while retaining the flavor
and the nutritive value of the liquid,
Staphylococcus
spp.
and Mycobacterium
tuberculosis.
It doesn't kill all living forms and no spore.
nor on spores; for milk, this method is more conducive to industry and
has fewer undesirable effects on quality or taste,
this vitamin is added to 98% of fluid milk marketed in the U.S. Because
vitamin
A
is removed with the milk fat, this vitamin is added to 2% reduced-fat,
1% lowfat and fatfree milks. If vitamin D and/or A is added to any dairy
product, it must be indicated on the label. Nonfat milk solids may be added
to some fat-free milks to improve their appearance, flavor and nutritive
value. The milk must be labeled protein fortified or fortified
with protein. The addition of nonfat milk solids increases the calories
from protein and carbohydrate and adds more calcium. Some milks may be
fortified with calcium. If so, this must be indicated on the label.
|
|
|
|
|
| whole (although not required, whole milk may be fortified with vitamin D at a level of 400 IU per 1 quart) |
|
|
|
| 2% reduced fat (vitamins A and D are removed with the milk fat. For this reason, these vitamins must be added to 2% reduced-fat milk so that it contains at least 2,000 IU of vitamin A and 400 IU of vitamin D per 1 quart) |
|
|
|
| 1% lowfat or light milk (vitamins A and D must be added to a level of at least 2,000 IU of vitamin A and 400 IU of vitamin D per 1 quart) |
|
|
|
| nonfat, fat-free or skim milk (vitamins A and D must be added to a level of at least 2,000 IU of vitamin A and 400 IU of vitamin D per 1quart) |
|
|
|
| chocolate, whole |
|
|
|
| chocolate, 2% reduced fat |
|
|
|
| chocolate, 1% lowfat |
|
|
|
,
vitamin
D
(if fortified), protein, potassium,
vitamin
A,
vitamin
B12,
riboflavin
and phosphorus.
Milk is an excellent source of calcium. Regardless of its fat content,
milk provides about 300 mg of calcium per serving (8 fluid oz). An adequate
intake of calcium helps to reduce the risk of osteoporosis, high blood
pressure and colon cancer. It is difficult to obtain enough calcium without
foods). To help meet calcium needs, the following number of servings of
milk (or its equivalent) is recommended each day:
and sulfites 200-300 ppm : antimicrobial agent in dried fruits,
grapes, molasses,
Alteromonas
spp., Vibrio spp.,
Shewanella
putrefaciens)),
Micrococcus
spp.,
Streptococcus
spp.,
Lactococcus
spp.,
Staphylococcus
spp.)
!), CO2 > 50% =>,
Micrococcus
spp.,
Pediococcus
spp., Lactococcus spp.,
Staphylococcusaureus)
which ...,
H2O2, diacetyl, and reuterin,
Clostridium
perfringens,
Yersinia
enterocolitica,
Listeria
monocytogenes,
Salmonella
spp.)
: anyway they are usually inhibited by products of anaerobic lactophilic
bacteria.|
|
|
|
| beef | 4 | 12 |
| pork | 4 | 9 |
| poultry | 6 | 18 |
| bread | 7 | 21 |
| coffee | 1 | 350 |
| country/region |
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Japan | 20250 | 23000 | 13100 | 14400 |
| USA | 5530 | 7240 | 1850 | 4500 |
| Western Europe | 15164 | 21716 | 2100 | 5700 |
| Total | 40944 | 51956 | 17050 | 24600 |
|
|
|
||||
|
|
|
||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| inexpensive | + | + | - | + | - |
| clearly discernible | + | + | - | - | - |
| non-toxic | - | - | + | + | - |
| long ambient shelf-life | - | - | + | + | - |
| in-pack activation | + | + | + | + | - |
| irreversible | + | + | + | + | - |
| tuneable | - | - | + | - | - |
| ink-based examples | - | - | + | - | - |
| non-water soluble | - | - | - | - | + |
= 250 mg/L
= 25 mg/L (< 250 mg/L)
= 100 mg/L
= 30 mg/L (< 50 mg/L)
= 20 mg/L (< 150-175 mg/L) (lower in treated waters, e.g. Danone
(0.002%), Lete)
= 10 mg/L
= 0.05 mg/L (< 0.2 mg/L)
= 250 CFUs/mL (0 desirable), marking contamination from humans
= 250 CFUs/mL (0 desirable). This is a meaningless limit as up to 103-4
P.a. are ingested with each well washed vegetable of fruit
and Giardia intestinalis.
(e.g. Aqua Parmalat)
and under epidemiology))
and serious psychological distress. Married adults are less likely to be
limited in various activities, including work and other activities of daily
living. Married adults are less likely to smoke, drink heavily or be physically
inactive. However, married men are more likely to be overweight or obese
than other men. Adults who live in cohabiting relationships are more likely
to have health problems than married adults and more closely resemble divorced
and separated adults. The association between marital status and health
is most striking in the youngest age group although it persists throughout
the age groups studiedref.
Married women who avoid conflict with their spouses have an increased risk
of dying from any cause, researchers report today at the Second International
Conference on Women, Heart Disease and Stroke. Researchers also found that
men whose wives' come home upset with work outside the home have an increased
risk of developing heart disease. Researchers examined information on participants
of the Framingham Offspring Study, a large, ongoing community study that
tracks the incidence and prevalence of cardiovascular disease and other
social and demographic characteristics such as marital strain in the Framingham,
Mass., community. Previous studies have shown a link between levels of
marital strain and the health of people with heart disease. However, few
studies have looked into the effects of marital strain on contributing
to heart disease or death from any cause, said Elaine D. Eaker, Sc.D.,
president of Eaker Epidemiology Enterprises, LLC, in Chili, Wis., and principal
investigator of the ancillary study of the Framingham Offspring Study.
Together with researchers from Boston University, Eaker collected data
that analyzed marital discord. They determined traditional measures (satisfaction
and disagreements) and more contemporary ones (conflict resolution and
other interpersonal communication issues). The study included 1,769 men
and 1,913 women between ages 18 and 77. Researchers conducted the baseline
examinations from 1984-87. Of these participants, 1,493 men and 1,501 women
were married or living in a marital situation. The researchers tracked
the health of the participants for 10 years to determine if they developed
heart disease or died. Married men were heavier, older, and had higher
blood pressure and a less favorable lipid profile compared to unmarried
men. Unmarried men were more likely to be smokers. After the researchers
made statistical adjustments for age, systolic blood pressure, body mass
index, cigarette smoking, diabetes, and the T-Ch/HDL-Ch ratio, married
men were about half as likely to die compared to unmarried men. On the
other hand, marital status and the more traditional measures of marital
strain had no effect on women developing heart disease or dying over 10
years of follow up. However, when considering more contemporary measures,
two types of marital strain were found to be significantly related to the
health of married women as well as men. Men who reported that their wives'
work was disruptive to their home life because their wives came home upset
with work were more than two times more likely to develop heart disease.
Women who reported usually or always keeping their feelings to themselves
when in conflict with their husbands, known as self-silencing, had more
than four times the risk of dying from any cause compared to women who
always show their feelings. This is the first time marital strain -- as
measured by disruption to one's life due to a spouse's work situation and
self-silencing during conflict with one's spouse -- has been included in
a longitudinal study of the development of heart disease and death. While
medical care providers are not specifically trained to intervene on psychosocial
issues such as marital characteristics, they may be the most likely contact
to observe or uncover these characteristics or emotions Screening questions
could be added to medical history questionnaires to uncover psychosocial
stressors, allowing for counseling referrals if appropriate. The research
substantiates previous studies that found married men have a survival advantage
over unmarried men. Healthcare providers should also consider the physical
and emotional risk factors among unmarried men.|
|
|
|
|
| lobe | earlobe | infection | 4-6 weeks |
| gauged lobe | stretched lobe | split lobe, infection | varies |
| tragus | cartilage | infection, hypertrophic scarring | 2-3 months |
| helix | cartilage, high pinna | granulomas, infection, hypertrophic scarring | 2-3 months |
| gauged cartilage | stretched cartilage | cracked cartilage, infection | varies |
|
|
|
|
|
| brow | eyebrow (above eye) | infection | 6-8 weeks |
| anti-brow | lateral or inferior to eye and brow | trigeminal nerve involvement, infection, migration | 6-8 weeks |
| earl | mid-brow | migration, infection, rejection | 2-3 months |
| nostril | lateral nares | mranuloma, infection | 2-3 months |
| septum | nasal septum | site trauma, infection | 4-6 weeks |
|
|
|
|
|
| Monroe | cheek | infection, gingival recession | 4-6 months |
| Medusa | philtrum (above the upper lip) | see above | 6-8 weeks |
| Labret | below the lower lip | see above | 6-8 weeks |
| Tongue | tongue | see above + dental trauma, circulatory interference within oral cavity, systemic infection, endocarditis, meningitis | 4-6 weeks |
| Frenulum (oral) | lingual or labial frenulum | Infection, interference with oral cavity circulation | 4-6 weeks |
|
|
|
|
|
| nipple | nipple base, above areola | mastitis, migration, rejection, secondary trauma | 2-3 months (barbell); 6-9 months (ring) |
| nape | posterior or lateral neck | infection, interference w/radiological imaging, C-collar placement difficulties | 6-9 months |
| Madison | anterior neck at sternal notch | bleeding, infection, migration, infection | 6-9 months |
| navel | upper or lower lip of umbilicus | infection, migration, rejection | 4-6 months (curved barbell); 6-9 months (ring) |
| surface | flat body surface piercings | infection, migration, rejection | 6-9 months |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Prince Albert (PA) |  |
transurethral | infection, urinary leakage | 4-6 weeks |
| reverse Prince Albert |  |
transurethral | healing delays, see PA | 4-6 months |
| Apadravya |  |
transcoronal | see PA and reverse PA | 4-6 months |
| Ampallang |  |
penile head (horizontal transcoronal piercing. Depending on the consumer's preference, and piercer's skill, this piercing may or may not cross the urethra.) | infection | 4-6 months |
| Prince's Wand | transurethral | urethral trauma, infection | 4-6 months | |
| Guiche | surface, perineal | infection, rejection | 4-6 months | |
| Hafada | scrotal | rejection, secondary trauma | 2-3 months |
|
|
|
|
|
| Clitoral hood | upper labia minora, clitoral hood | clitoral desensitization, infection | 6-8 weeks (horizontal); 4-6 weeks (vertical) |
| Triangle | deep clitoral | see above | 4-6 weeks |
| Labial | inner or outer labia | secondary trauma, infection | 4-6 weeks (inner); 2-3 months (outer) |
| Fourchette | inferior labial juncture | secondary trauma, infection | 6-8 weeks |
| Christina | superior labial juncture | secondary trauma, infection | 6-8 weeks |
| Princess Albertina | transurethral (can also be transvaginal) | UTIs, secondary trauma | 4-6 months |
and artificial
alimentation)
: the customary allowance of food and drink taken by any person from day
to day, particularly one especially planned to meet specific requirements
of the individual, and including or excluding certain items of food.
(cultural background) + nutrition (the
taking in and metabolism of nutrients (food and other nourishing material)
by an organism so that life is maintained and growth can take place)diets
:)
given to everyone aged > 55 could cut heart disease in developed countries
by 80%.
by controlling the timing and amount of energy intake and minimizing the
occurrence of ketosis
or hypoglycemia;
fat, carbohydrate, and protein ratios and amounts are controlled but specific
diet plans vary..,
restricting nitrogenous, especially high-purine foods, and substituting
dairy products, with prohibition of wines and liquors....,
omitting meat, fowl, and fish and substituting milk, eggs, cheese, and
vegetable protein.
and for edematous states.)...,
consisting of milk, cream, and other supposedly bland foods; it was later
proved ineffective.
diets : McDonald's has sold >100 billion beef-based hamburgers worldwide
with a potentially considerable health impact. A paper explored whether
there would be any advantages if the next 100 billion burgers were instead
plant-based burgers. Nutrient composition of the beef hamburger patty and
the McVeggie burger patty were obtained from the McDonald's website; sales
data were obtained from the McDonald's customer service. Consuming 100
billion McDonald's beef burgers versus the same company's McVeggie burgers
would provide, approximately, on average, an additional 550 million pounds
of saturated fat and 1.2 billion total pounds of fat, as well as 1 billion
fewer pounds of fiber, 660 million fewer pounds of protein, and no difference
in calories. These data suggest that the McDonald's new McVeggie burger
represents a less harmful fast-food choice than the beef burgerref.ref
function compared with those who maintained the same weight for at least
5 years. Low NK-cell activity is associated with increased cancer rates
and a higher susceptibility to viral infections. Exercise could be the
answer, as it is known to lessen some of the negative effects of weight
loss on the immune system and actually boost immunity.
in which foods are sequentially omitted in order to detect the one or ones
responsible for symptoms.
: recent evidence indicates that trans fats promote inflammation. In women,
greater intake of trans fatty acids was associated with increased activity
of the TNF system; among those with a higher body-mass index, greater intake
of trans fatty acids was also associated with increased levels of IL-6
and CRPref.
In a study of overweight women, greater intake of trans fat was again associated
with increased activity of the TNF system and increased levels of IL-6
and CRPref.
In patients with established heart disease, membrane levels of trans fatty
acids (a biomarker of the dietary intake of trans fats) were independently
associated with activation of systemic inflammatory responses, including
substantially increased levels of IL-6, TNF-a,
TNF receptors, and MCP-1ref.
Inflammatory effects have also been reported in randomized, controlled
trials. In patients with hypercholesterolemia, the production of IL-6 and
TNF-a by cultured mononuclear cells was greater
after one month of a soybean-margarine diet (6.7% of energy from trans
fatty acids) than after one month of a soybean-oil diet (0.6% of energy
from trans fatty acids); the production of IL-1 was not significantly affectedref.
In another trial, 5 weeks of a diet in which 8% of energy intake was from
trans fatty acids, as compared with oleic acid, increased plasma levels
of IL-6 and CRPref.
In these trials, the inflammatory effects of trans fatty acids did not
differ significantly from those of saturated fatref1,
ref2.
Because the presence of inflammation is an independent risk factor for
atherosclerosis, sudden death from cardiac causes, diabetes, and heart
failureref1,
ref2,
ref3,
ref4,
the inflammatory effects of trans fats may account in part for their effects
on cardiovascular health. For example, on the basis of the positive association
between CRP levels and the risk of cardiovascular diseaseref,
the difference in C-reactive protein levels seen with a median intake of
trans fat of 2.1%, as compared with 0.9%, of the total energy intakeref
would correspond to an increase in risk of approximately 30%.
: on a per-calorie basis, trans fats appear to increase the risk of CHD
more than any other macronutrient, conferring a substantially increased
risk at low levels of consumption (1 to 3% of total energy intake)ref1,
ref2,
ref3,
ref4.
In a meta-analysis of 4 prospective cohort studies involving nearly 140,000
subjectsref1,
ref2,
ref3,
ref4,
including updated analyses from the two largest studies, a 2% increase
in energy intake from trans fatty acids was associated with a 23% increase
in the incidence of CHD (pooled relative risk, 1.23; 95% confidence interval,
1.11 to 1.37; P<0.001). Multivariable adjusted relative risk of CHD
associated with trans fatty acid intake :
infection in Copenhagen, Denmark (1991ref
and 2004ref1, ref2,
ref3),
The Netherlandsref,
and abroad, acquired in places such as saunasref1,
ref2,
ref3.
Risk factors for infection with hepatitis A among MSM include recent anonymous
sexual partners, oral-anal sex or digital-anal sex, as well as visiting
certain bars or saunas. Social contact of a non-sexual nature and secondarily
contaminated foodstuffs may also contribute to infectionref1,
ref2,
also can be transmitted sexuallyref1,
ref2,
ref3ref
smoke : a colloid system in which one or more solids is dispersed in
a gas or vapor
as adults of those who grew up in smoke-free environments. Of those who
had known exposure to passive smoke (but were not smokers themselves),
97 had developed lung cancer, 20 more had upper respiratory cancers such
as cancer of the larynx, and 14 died from chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease during the seven follow-up years. Former smokers faced up to twice
the risk of respiratory diseases from passive smoke than those who'd never
smoked.
ref1,
ref2.
In 2002, a working group of the International Agency for Research on Cancer
evaluated the epidemiological evidence and included environmental tobacco
smoke in group I (human carcinogen)ref.
The pooled excess risk of lung cancer from exposure to spousal smoking
was about 20% for women and 30% for men. Few cohort studies are available,
however, with accurate information on potential confounders or effect modifiers.
Analysis of data data from the large European prospective investigation
into cancer and nutrition (EPIC) contributes to the existing literature
reinforcing the conclusions of the IARC Monograph Working Group that there
is sufficient evidence on the carcinogenicity of ETS in humans. In the
whole cohort exposure to ETS was associated with increased risks (hazard
ratio 1.30, 95% confidence interval 0.87 to 1.95, for all respiratory diseases;
1.34, 0.85 to 2.13, for lung cancer alone). Higher results were found in
the nested case-control study (odds ratio 1.70, 1.02 to 2.82, for respiratory
diseases; 1.76, 0.96 to 3.23, for lung cancer alone). Odds ratios were
consistently higher in former smokers than in those who had never smoked;
the association was limited to exposure related to work. Frequent exposure
to ETS during childhood was associated with lung cancer in adulthood (hazard
ratio 3.63, 1.19 to 11.11, for daily exposure for many hours). Cotinine
concentration was clearly associated with self reported exposure (3.30,
2.07 to 5.23, for detectable/non-detectable cotinine), but it was not associated
with the risk of respiratory diseases or lung cancer. This could be expected,
as previous studies have stressed the limitations of cotinine as a biomarker
of exposure. Cotinine is an expression of the past 24 hours of exposure
and is valuable mainly to exclude current smoking rather than estimating
long term exposure to ETSref.
Other studies have found that among non-smokers exposed to secondhand smoke,
the urinary concentrations of carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds specific
to tobacco smoke are 1-5% of those found in active smokers, which is roughly
proportional to the excess risk of lung cancer reported in epidemiologic
studiesref.
In contrast to respiratory cancer, however, a recent study found an association
between serum concentrations of cotinine in non-smokers and elevated risk
of coronary heart disease (adjusted hazard ratio 1.57, 1.08 to 2.28), comparing
the top to bottom fourth of cotinine concentrationsref.
People who regularly inhale ETS have a 20-30% greater risk of contracting
lung cancer or coronary
heart disease
as ETS promotes a 5-times greater tumour growth and a 2-fold increase in
angiogenesis via nAChR activation on the surface of endothelial cells,
which stimulates their proliferation and the subsequent formation of blood
vessels via VEGF
(induced by nicotine) and CCL-2 / MCP-1
(induced by other chemical(s) in ETS) : people with cancer might need to
avoid passive smokingref.
by 2.1 fold in the 1963 group and 1.4 fold in the 1975 group. The corresponding
increases in risk for women who actively smoked were 2.6 and 1.7 foldref.
and polytrauma))
Copyright © 2001-2005 Daniele Focosi.
All rights reserved
| Terms of use | Legal
notices
|
|
|
|
|
