- imanin
- ribavirin
- bronopol
- copper hydroxide
- cresol
- dichlorophen
- dipyrithione
- dodicin
- fenaminosulf
- formaldehyde
- hydrargaphen
- 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate
- kasugamycin
- nitrapyrin
- octhilinone
- oxolinic acid
- oxytetracycline
- probenazole
- streptomycin
- tecloftalam
- thiomersal
- antibiotic nematicides
- carbamate nematicides
- benomyl
- carbofuran
- carbosulfan
- cloethocarb
- oxime carbamate nematicides
- alanycarb
- aldicarb
- aldoxycarb
- oxamyl
- organophosphorus nematicides
- organophosphate nematicides
- diamidafos
- fenamiphos
- fosthietan
- phosphamidon
- organothiophosphate nematicides
- cadusafos
- chlorpyrifos
- dichlofenthion
- dimethoate
- ethoprophos
- fensulfothion
- fosthiazate
- heterophos
- isamidofos
- isazofos
- mecarphon
- phorate
- phosphocarb
- terbufos
- thionazin
- triazophos
- unclassified nematicides
- acetoprole
- benclothiaz
- chloropicrin
- dazomet
- DBCP
- DCIP
- 1,2-dichloropropane
- 1,3-dichloropropene
- furfural
- iodomethane
- metam
- methyl bromide
- methyl isothiocyanate
- xylenols
- bromine compound (Agribrom®)
- bethoxazin / 3-benzo[b]thien-2-yl-5,6-dihydro-1,4,2-oxathiazine 4-oxide
- copper sulfate
- cybutryne / N-cyclopropyl-N-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-6-(methylthio)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine
- dichlon / 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone (also fungicide)
- dichlorophen / 2,2-methylenebis[4-chlorophenol] / 4,4-dichloro-2,2-methylenediphenol (also bactericide and fungicide)
- endothal
- fentin / triphenyltin / triphenylstannylium / fenolovo (C18H15Sn) (also fungicide, molluscicide and antifeedant)
- hydrated lime / calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) (a component of Bordeaux mixture)
- nabam
- quinoclamine / 2-amino-3-chloro-1,4-naphthoquinone (ACN) (also herbicide)
- quinonamid / 2,2-dichloro-N-(3-chloro-1,4-naphthoquinon-2-yl)acetamide (also herbicide)
- simazine
- aliphatic nitrogen fungicides
- butylamine
- cymoxanil
- dodicin
- dodine
- guazatine
- iminoctadine
- amide fungicides
- carpropamid
- chloraniformethan
- cyazofamid
- cyflufenamid
- diclocymet
- ethaboxam
- fenoxanil
- flumetover
- furametpyr
- penthiopyrad
- prochloraz
- quinazamid
- silthiofam
- triforine
- acylamino acid fungicides
- benalaxyl
- benalaxyl-M
- furalaxyl
- metalaxyl (Ridomil®, Subdue®)
- metalaxyl-M
- pefurazoate
- benzamide fungicides
- benzohydroxamic acid
- fluopicolide
- tioxymid
- trichlamide
- zarilamid
- zoxamide
- furamide fungicides
- cyclafuramid
- furmecyclox
- phenylsulfamide fungicides
- dichlofluanid
- tolylfluanid
- valinamide fungicides
- benthiavalicarb
- iprovalicarb
- anilide fungicides
- benalaxyl
- benalaxyl-M
- boscalid
- carboxin (Vitavax®)
- fenhexamid
- metalaxyl
- metalaxyl-M
- metsulfovax
- ofurace
- oxadixyl
- oxycarboxin
- pyracarbolid
- thifluzamide
- tiadinil
- benzanilide fungicides
- benodanil
- flutolanil
- mebenil
- mepronil
- salicylanilide
- tecloftalam
- furanilide fungicides
- fenfuram
- furalaxyl
- furcarbanil
- methfuroxam
- sulfonanilide fungicides
- flusulfamide
- antibiotic fungicides
- aureofungin
- blasticidin-S
- cycloheximide
- griseofulvin
- kasugamycin
- natamycin
- polyoxins
- polyoxorim
- streptomycin
- validamycin
- strobilurin fungicides
- azoxystrobin
- dimoxystrobin
- fluoxastrobin
- kresoxim-methyl
- metominostrobin
- orysastrobin
- picoxystrobin
- pyraclostrobin
- trifloxystrobin
- aromatic fungicides
- biphenyl
- chlorodinitronaphthalene
- chloroneb
- chlorothalonil (Bravo®, Daconil 2787®, Exotherm®, Termil®)
- cresol
- dicloran
- chlorobenzoles
- hexachlorobenzene (HCB) : a compound used in organic synthesis and as a fungicide; it is toxic to humans and other animals. Since it does not break down easily, when used to preserve livestock feeds it may build up in the tissues of the animals.
- pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) (Terraclor®)
- pentachlorophenol (penta) (PCP) (Durotox®) a compound used as an insecticide for termite control, an herbicide, and a fungicidal wood preservative; its use has been restricted (many commercial samples are contaminated with polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs))
- quintozene
- sodium pentachlorophenoxide
- tecnazene
- tribromophenol : a commonly used flame retardant and fungicide used in wine cellars, when bacteria digest it the chemical 2,4,6-tribromoanisole (TBA) can contaminate wine. The wooden racks in one cellar contained 2,185 ng of TBA per gram of wood. In wine that had been stored in 1-year-old barrels, concentrations were as high as 38 ng/L. This isn't a toxic level but most people can taste TBA's musty flavour at concentrations as low as 4 ng/L - about the same as one sugar cube dissolved in 100 Olympic swimming pools of water. Tainting can still occur even if contaminated barrels have been removed : TBA released into the air from wood can settle on the cellars' clay walls. It is then re-released into the air, and into the wine. Remedial action may be difficult and expensive, involving decontamination, replacement of equipment, and removal of wood. Mustiness is more detectable in subtly flavoured whites : many of Chatonnet's tasters described the wine as being corkedref
- benzimidazole fungicides
- benomyl
- carbendazim
- chlorfenazole
- cypendazole
- debacarb
- fuberidazole
- mecarbinzid
- rabenzazole
- thiabendazole
- benzimidazole precursor fungicides
- furophanate
- thiophanate
- thiophanate-methyl
- benzothiazole fungicides
- bentaluron
- chlobenthiazone
- TCMTB
- bridged diphenyl fungicides
- bithionol
- dichlorophen
- diphenylamine
- carbamate fungicides
- benthiavalicarb
- furophanate
- iprovalicarb
- propamocarb
- thiophanate
- thiophanate-methyl (Cleary 3336®, Easout®)
- benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicides
- benomyl
- carbendazim
- cypendazole
- debacarb
- mecarbinzid
- carbanilate fungicides
- diethofencarb
- conazole fungicides
- conazole fungicides (imidazoles)
- climbazole
- clotrimazole
- imazalil
- oxpoconazole
- prochloraz
- triflumizole
- conazole fungicides (triazoles)
- azaconazole
- bromuconazole
- cyproconazole
- diclobutrazol
- difenoconazole
- diniconazole
- diniconazole-M
- epoxiconazole
- etaconazole
- fenbuconazole
- fluquinconazole
- flusilazole
- flutriafol
- furconazole
- furconazole-cis
- hexaconazole
- imibenconazole
- ipconazole
- metconazole
- myclobutanil
- penconazole
- propiconazole (1[[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-propyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl]methyl]-1H-1,2,4-triazole) (Tilt® : 41.8% propiconazole) is a systemic fungistatic agent used on a wide variety of agricultural crops and in forest management. It acts by inhibiting the biosynthesis of ergosterol by fungi. EXTOXNET's toxicological summary provides no evidence indicating a teratogenic potential for this chemical: over a 2-year period, rats and their offspring were fed a diet containing propiconazole at concentrations up to 2,500 ppm. Although the high dose resulted in diminished body weight, and increases in relative liver weight of adults and pups, no reproductive, foetal, or embryonic parameters were affected. Propiconazole was administered orally in doses up to 300 mg/kg/day during days 6-15 post-conception in rats, and up to 180 mg/kg/day on days 6-18 of gestation to Chinchilla rabbits. No teratogenic or foetotoxic effects were observed from either group, at any dose. It appears unlikely that propiconazole exposure could be responsible for alleged increases in the incidence of cleft palate or other fetal abnormalities among bats or humans in Australia
- prothioconazole
- quinconazole
- simeconazole
- tebuconazole
- tetraconazole
- triadimefon
- triadimenol
- triticonazole
- uniconazole
- uniconazole-P
- copper fungicides
- Bordeaux mixture (a.k.a. poltiglia bordolese in Italy) = copper sulfate / copper(II) tetraoxosulfate / cupric sulfate (CuSO4) (1-2%) + calcium carbonate (CaCO3) or hydroxide with or without stabilising agents (CuSO4.3Cu(OH)2.3CaSO4). Copper sulfate is also used as algaecide, molluscicide, and herbicide
- histiocytic granulomas
- associated nodular fibrohyaline scars containing abundant copper
- weakness
- loss of appetite
- lloss of weight
- ldyspnea and cough
- Burgundy mixture : 100 gr of washing soda (disodium carbonate) in 3L of cold water + 100g of copper sulphate dissolved in 3L of hot water in a plastic bucket=> mix both carefully and slowly....then add 4L of cold water to make up 10L
- Cheshunt mixture : copper(II) tetraoxosulfate and diammonium carbonate
- copper acetate
- copper carbonate, basic
- copper hydroxide
- copper naphthenate
- copper oleate
- copper oxychloride
- copper sulfate
- copper sulfate, basic
- copper zinc chromate
- cufraneb
- cuprobam
- cuprous oxide
- mancopper
- oxine copper
- dicarboximide fungicides
- famoxadone
- fluoroimide
- dichlorophenyl dicarboximide fungicides
- chlozolinate
- dichlozoline
- iprodione
- isovaledione
- myclozolin
- procymidone
- vinclozolin
- phthalimide fungicides
- captafol (Difolatan®)
- captan (Captan®)
- ditalimfos
- folpet (Folpan®, Phaltan®, Thiophal®)
- thiochlorfenphim
- dinitrophenol fungicides / nitroderivatives
- binapacryl
- dinobuton
- dinocap
- dinocap-4
- dinocap-6
- dinocton
- dinopenton
- dinosulfon
- dinoterbon
- DNOC
- p-nonyl-dinitrophenol (?)
- dinitrophenyl-nonyl-butyrate (?)
- dithiocarbamate fungicides
- dimethyldithiocarbamates
- ethylenebisdithiocarbamates (EBDC)
- Mn
- Zn
- Na
- nabam / disodium ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate) / disodium 1,2-ethanediylbis(carbamodithioate) (also algicide)
- Cu
- propylenebisdithiocarbamates
- propineb
- azithiram
- carbamorph
- cufraneb
- cuprobam
- disulfiram
- metam
- tecoram
- cyclic dithiocarbamate fungicides
- dazomet
- etem
- milneb
- polymeric dithiocarbamate fungicides
- mancopper
- metiram
- polycarbamate
- propylenebisdithiocarbamates
- propineb
- imidazole fungicides
- cyazofamid
- fenamidone
- fenapanil
- glyodin
- iprodione (Chipco26019®, Rovral®)
- isovaledione
- pefurazoate
- triazoxide
- inorganic fungicides
- potassium azide
- potassium thiocyanate
- sodium azide
- sulfur fungicides
- sulphur powder (Sulphur - 92%®)
- wettable sulphur
- lime sulphur
- mercury fungicides
- inorganic mercury fungicides
- mercuric chloride
- mercuric oxide
- mercurous chloride
- organomercury fungicides / organomercurials
- agrosan GN (?)
- ceresan (?)
- semesan (?)
- perrugen (?)
- (3-ethoxypropyl)mercury bromide
- ethylmercury acetate
- ethylmercury bromide
- ethylmercury chloride
- ethylmercury 2,3-dihydroxypropyl mercaptide
- ethylmercury phosphate
- ethylmercury sulfate (?)
- N-(ethylmercury)-p-toluenesulphonanilide
- hydrargaphen
- 2-methoxyethylmercury chloride
- methylmercury benzoate
- methylmercury dicyandiamide
- methylmercury pentachlorophenoxide
- 8-phenylmercurioxyquinoline
- phenylmercuriurea
- phenylmercury acetate
- phenylmercury chloride
- phenylmercury derivative of pyrocatechol
- phenylmercury nitrat
- phenylmercury salicylate
- thiomersal
- tolylmercury acetate
- morpholine fungicides
- aldimorph
- benzamorf
- carbamorph
- dimethomorph
- dodemorph
- fenpropimorph
- flumorph
- tridemorph
- organophosphorus fungicides
- ampropylfos
- ditalimfos
- edifenphos
- fosetyl
- hexylthiofos
- iprobenfos
- phosdiphen
- pyrazophos
- tolclofos-methyl
- triamiphos
-
tri-o-tolyl phosphate => Jamaica
ginger paralysis or polyneuritis
- organotin fungicides
- decafentin
- fentin
- tributyltin oxide
- oxathiin fungicides
- carboxin
- oxycarboxin
- oxazole fungicides
- chlozolinate
- dichlozoline
- drazoxolon
- famoxadone
- hymexazol
- metazoxolon
- myclozolin
- oxadixyl
- vinclozolin
- polysulfide fungicides
- barium polysulfide
- calcium polysulfide
- potassium polysulfide
- sodium polysulfide
- pyrazole fungicides
- furametpyr
- penthiopyrad
- pyridine fungicides
- boscalid
- buthiobate
- dipyrithione
- fluazinam
- fluopicolide
- pyridinitril
- pyrifenox
- pyroxychlor
- pyroxyfur
- pyrimidine fungicides
- bupirimate
- cyprodinil
- diflumetorim
- dimethirimol
- ethirimol
- fenarimol
- ferimzone
- mepanipyrim
- nuarimol
- pyrimethanil
- triarimol
- pyrrole fungicides
- fenpiclonil
- fludioxonil
- fluoroimide
- quinoline fungicides
- ethoxyquin
- halacrinate
- 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate
- quinacetol
- quinoxyfen
- quinone fungicides
- benquinox
- chloranil
- dichlone
- dithianon
- quinolones
- quinoxaline fungicides
- chinomethionat
- chlorquinox
- thioquinox
- thiazole fungicides
- ethaboxam
- etridiazole (Truban®)
- metsulfovax
- octhilinone
- thiabendazole
- thiadifluor
- thifluzamide
- thiocarbamate fungicides
- methasulfocarb
- prothiocarb
- thiophene fungicides
- ethaboxam
- silthiofam
- triazine fungicides
- anilazine
- triazole fungicides
- bitertanol
- fluotrimazole
- triazbutil
- urea fungicides
- bentaluron
- pencycuron
- quinazamid
- unclassified fungicides
- acibenzolar
- acypetacs
- allyl alcohol
- benzalkonium chloride
- benzamacril
- bethoxazin
- carvone
- chloropicrin
- DBCP
- dehydroacetic acid
- diclomezine
- diethyl pyrocarbonate
- fenaminosulf (Lesan®)
- fenitropan
- fenpropidin
- formaldehyde
- furfural
- hexachlorobutadiene
- iodomethane
- isoprothiolane
- methyl bromide
- methyl isothiocyanate
- metrafenone
- nitrostyrene
- nitrothal-isopropyl
- OCH
- 2-phenylphenol
- phthalide
- piperalin
- probenazole
- proquinazid
- pyroquilon
- sodium orthophenylphenoxide
- spiroxamine
- sultropen
- thicyofen
- tricyclazole
- zinc naphthenate
- malachite green is a very effective parasite/fungus control in many aquatic environments. It penetrates deeply into fish body tissues and may have a use against proliferative kidney disease (PKD) in salmonids. Because of this deep tissue penetration, malachite-green is thought to be toxic to tetras, catfish, loaches, and some small marine fish. It is also this deep tissue penetration that may lead to concentrations higher than believed safe for human consumption. Malachite green is presumed to be a carcinogen, and this is where the concern stems from. The concern has resulted in a ban of malachite green in the US, except in aquarium fish. It is banned on the presumption -- not proof -- of its carcinogenic potential. Nevertheless, there are a number of safety precautions to be considered when handling malachite green, such as gloves and eye protection.
- efosite-Al (Aliette®)
Symptoms & signs : porphyria cutanea tarda
and liver disease, and may be carcinogenic
Symptoms & signs : carcinogenic
Symptoms & signs : high fever
,
and rapid progression to life threatening symptoms with severe toxic reactions
in humans and other animals, such as convulsions, contact dermatitis, and
lung, liver, and kidney damage, immediate onset of extreme rigor
mortis.
In 1967, a cluster of cases of critical illness in a newborn nursery occurred
as a result of the misuse of sodium pentachlorophenate as an antimildew
agent in the hospital laundry, resulting in 9 cases and 2 fatalities. In
these cases, exposure was thought to have occurred across intact skin
Symptoms & signs : vineyard sprayer's lung occurred when Bordeaux solution (1 to 2% solution of copper sulfate neutralized with lime) was chronically sprayed by Portuguese vineyard workers in early 1980's. These workers developed interstitial pulmonary disease including :
,
was observed. Extensive liver damage was also noted : biopsies revealed
fibrosis, micronodular cirrhosis,
portal hypertension, and hepatic
angiosarcoma.
- systemic fungicide
- oxathin derivatives
- plantvax
- vitavax
- demosan
- bavistin
- inorganic
- copper sulphate (CuSO4)
- sulphuric acid (H2SO4)
- sodium chlorate (NaClO3)
- ammonium sulphamate (NH4SO3NH2)
- organic
- aliphatic (halo-aliphatic acids)
- amide herbicides
- allidochlor / N,N-diallyl-2-chloro acetamide (CDAA) (Randox®)
- beflubutamid
- benzadox
- benzipram
- bromobutide
- cafenstrole
- CDEA
- chlorthiamid
- cyprazole
- dimethenamid
- dimethenamid-P
- diphenamid
- epronaz
- etnipromid
- fentrazamide
- flupoxam
- fomesafen
- halosafen
- isocarbamid
- isoxaben
- napropamide
- naptalam / N-1-naphthyohthalamic acid (Alanap®)
- penoxsulam
- pethoxamid
- propyzamide
- quinonamid
- tebutam
- anilide herbicides
- chloranocryl
- cisanilide
- clomeprop
- cypromid
- diflufenican
- etobenzanid
- fenasulam
- flufenacet
- flufenican
- mefenacet
- mefluidide
- metamifop
- monalide
- naproanilide
- pentanochlor
- picolinafen
- propanil / 3,4-dichloro propionanilide (Stam F-34®, Rogue®)
- arylalanine herbicides
- benzoylprop
- flamprop
- flamprop-M
- chloroacetanilide herbicides
- acetochlor
- alachlor / 2-chloro-2,6-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)-acetanilide (Lasso®)
- butachlor / N-(butoxymethyl)-2-chloro-2', c' ethyl acetanilide (Machete®)
- butenachlor
- delachlor
- diethatyl
- dimethachlor
- metazachlor
- metolachlor
- S-metolachlor
- pretilachlor
- propachlor / 2-chloro-N-isopropyl acetanilide (Ramrod®)
- propisochlor
- prynachlor
- terbuchlor
- thenylchlor
- xylachlor
- sulfonanilide herbicides
- benzofluor
- cloransulam
- diclosulam
- florasulam
- flumetsulam
- metosulam
- perfluidone
- profluazol
- pronamide / 3,5-dichloro (N-1,1-dimethyl-2-propynyl) benzamide (Kerb®)
- acryldehyde
- acrolein / 2-propanol or acryl aldihide (Aqalin®)
- aromatic acid herbicides
- benzoic acid herbicides
- chloramben
- dicamba
- 2,3,6-TBA
- tricamba
- pyrimidinyloxybenzoic acid herbicides
- bispyribac
- pyriminobac
- pyrimidinylthiobenzoic acid herbicides
- pyrithiobac
- phthalic acid herbicides
- picolinic acid herbicides
- aminopyralid
- clopyralid
- picloram
- quinolinecarboxylic acid herbicides
- quinclorac
- quinmerac
- anilines & nitro-phenols
- I
- dinitamine / 2,6-dinitro-3,amino-4-tri-fluoromethyl-N,N-diethyl-aniline (Cobex®)
- nitralin / 4-(methyl-sulphonyl)-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyniline (Planavin®)
- penexalin / N-(ethyl propyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzamine (Stomp®)
- trifluralin / 2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-4-trifluron methylaniline (Treflan®)
- fluchlorlin / N-propyl-N-(2’chloroethyl)-2,6-dintro-trifluroin-ethyl-aniline (Basalin®)
- II
- 2-methyl-4,6-dinitrophenol / dinitroorthocresol (DNOC) (Sinox®)
- dinoseb / 4,6-dinitro-2-5-butyl phenol (Dow-weed killer®)
- pentachlorophenol
- nitrofen / 2,4-dinitro-4-trifluoro-methyl-diphenyl-ether (TOK E-25®)
- arsenical herbicides
- cacodylic acid
- CMA
- hexaflurate
- MAA
- MAMA
- potassium arsenite
- sodium arsenite
- disodium methyl arsenate (DSMA) (Anser 184®)
- methane arsenic acid (MAA) (Ansar®)
- monosodium methyl arsenate (MSMA) (Anser-529®)
- calcium arsenate or orthoarsenate / tricalcium arsenate or orthoarsenate (CaHAsO4)
- lead arsenate (PbHAsO4)
- [Pb, As, ZPP, Ala-D]plasma
- [Pb, As, Ala, CP]urine
- dimethylarsonate
- antibiotic herbicides
- bilanafos
- benzoic and phenyl acetic acid
- I
- chloramben / 3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid (Amiben, Vegiben®)
- dicamba / 2-methoxy-3,6-dichlorobenzoic acid (Banvel-D®)
- II
- fenac / 2,3,6-trichlorophenyl acetic acid (Fenac®)
- oxyfluorfen / 2-chloro-1-(3-ethoxy-4-nitro phenoxy)-4-(trifluormethyl) benzene (Goal®)
- benzoylcyclohexanedione herbicides
- mesotrione
- sulcotrione
- benzofuranyl alkylsulfonate herbicides
- benfuresate
- ethofumesate
- carbamate herbicides
- carboxazole
- chlorprocarb
- alkyl
- dichlormate / 3,4-dichlorobenzyl methyl carbamate (Sirmate®)
- aryl
- asulam / methyl sulfanilyl carbamate (Auslox®)
- fenasulam
- karbutilate
- terbucarb
- carbanilate herbicides
- barban / 4-chloro-2-butynyl m-chloro-carbanilate (Carbyne®)
- BCPC
- carbasulam
- carbetamide
- CEPC
- chlorbufam
- chlorprophan / isopropyl m-chloro carbanilate (CIPC®)
- CPPC
- desmedipham
- phenisopham
- phenmedipham
- phenmedipham-ethyl
- propham / isopropyl carbanilate (IPC®)
- SWEP / 3,4-dichloro carbonilate (Methyl®)
- cyclohexene oxime herbicides
- alloxydim
- butroxydim
- clethodim
- cloproxydim
- cycloxydim
- profoxydim
- sethoxydim
- tepraloxydim
- tralkoxydim
- cyclopropylisoxazole herbicides
- isoxachlortole
- isoxaflutole
- dicarboximide herbicides
- benzfendizone
- cinidon-ethyl
- flumezin
- flumiclorac
- flumioxazin
- flumipropyn
- dinitroaniline herbicides
- benfluralin
- butralin
- dinitramine
- ethalfluralin
- fluchloralin
- isopropalin
- methalpropalin
- nitralin
- oryzalin
- pendimethalin
- prodiamine
- profluralin
- trifluralin
- dinitrophenol herbicides
- dinofenate
- dinoprop
- dinosam
- dinoseb
- dinoterb
- 2-methyl-4,6-dinitrophenol / dinitro-o-cresol (DNOC) (Sinox®)
- etinofen
- medinoterb
- diphenyl ether herbicides
- ethoxyfen
- nitrophenyl ether herbicides
- acifluorfen
- aclonifen
- bifenox
- chlomethoxyfen
- chlornitrofen
- etnipromid
- fluorodifen
- fluoroglycofen
- fluoronitrofen
- fomesafen
- furyloxyfen
- halosafen
- lactofen
- nitrofen
- nitrofluorfen
- oxyfluorfen
- dithiocarbamate herbicides
- dazomet
- metam
- halogenated aliphatic herbicides
- alorac
- chloropon
- dalapon
- flupropanate
- hexachloroacetone
- iodomethane
- methyl bromide
- monochloroacetic acid
- SMA
- TCA
- imidazolinone herbicides
- imazamethabenz
- imazamox
- imazapic
- imazapyr
- imazaquin
- imazethapyr
- inorganic herbicides
- ammonium sulfamate
- borax
- calcium chlorate
- copper sulfate
- ferrous sulfate
- potassium azide
- potassium cyanate
- sodium azide
- sodium chlorate
- sulfuric acid
- nitrile herbicides
- bromobonil
- bromoxynil / 4-hydroxy-3,5-dibromo benzonitrile (Buctril®)
- chloroxynil
- dichlobenil / 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (Casoron®)
- iodobonil
- ioxynil / 4-hydroxy-3-5-di-iodobenzonitrile (Actril®)
- pyraclonil
- organophosphorus herbicides
- amiprofos-methyl
- anilofos
- bensulide
- bilanafos
- butamifos
- 2,4-DEP
- DMPA
- EBEP
- fosamine
- phosphonomethyl amino acids / glycine derivatives
- piperophos
- phenoxy herbicides
- bromofenoxim
- clomeprop
- 2,4-DEB
- 2,4-DEP / tris(2-(2-4-dichlorophenoxy) ethyl sulphate (Falone®)
- 2,4-DES / sodium,2-(2-4-dichlorophenoxy) ethyl sulphate (Sesone®)
- difenopenten
- disul
- erbon
- etnipromid
- fenteracol
- trifopsime
- phenoxyacetic herbicides / chlorophenoxy compounds
- 4-CPA
- 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) (Ethyl Ester®)
- 3,4-DA
- 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) (Acme MCPA Amine 4®, Agritox®, Agro One®, Bordermaster®, BH
- MCPA-thioethyl
- 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) (Brush Killer®), often contaminated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)
- Agent Blue : contained cacodylic acid.
- Agent Green : contained 2,4,5-T and was used 1962-1964
-
Agent Orange is a mixture of 2,4-D and
2,4,5-T contaminated with TCDD used between 1965 and 1970. The manufacturers
(Dow, Monsanto,
Diamond
Shamrock Corporation, Hercules Inc.,
Uniroyal
Inc., T-H
Agricultural & Nutrition Company, and Thompson Chemicals Corporation)
were subjects of a class action lawsuit filed originally in 1979 and settled
out of court in 1987 for $180 million. The official name of the lawsuit
was Multidistrict litigation 381 (MDL 381), and was designated In re
Agent Orange Product Liability Litigation. Reviewing recently published
scientific evidence, a committee of the US Institute of Medicine has concluded
that a positive association exists between exposures to herbicides used
as defoliants from 1962 to 1971during the Vietnam war and the risk of developing
chronic
lymphocytic leukaemia.
The report is the fourth in a series of reviews that the institute has
conducted at Congress’s request since 1996 of the health effects of these
defoliants. Earlier reports had linked Hodgkin’s
disease
and non-Hodgkin’s
lymphoma
with exposure to these defoliants. The committee’s assessment is based
on evidence from six studies that looked at cancer rates and other health
effects among agricultural workers and farm community residents exposed
to herbicides. According to the US Veterans Administration, which provides
these benefits, there are about 500 new cases annuallyref.
- Orange II / Super Orange : a formualtion of 2,4,-D and 2,4,5-T used in 1968 and 1969
- Care the People
- Vietnam Association for Victims of Agent Orange/Dioxin (VAVA)
- Agent Pink : contained 2,4,5-T and was used 1962-1964
- Agent Purple : a formulation of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T used between 1962 and 1964
- Agent White : a formulation of picloram and 2,4-D.
- dinxol : a formulation of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. Small quantities were tested in Vietnam between 1962 and 1964.
- trinoxol : contained 2,4,5-T. Small quantities tested in Vietnam 1962-1964
- bromacil
- diquat
- tandex
- monuron
- diuron
- dalapon
- phenoxybutyric herbicides
- 4-CPB
- (2,4-dichloro phenoxy) butyric acid (2,4-DB) (Butaxone®)
- 3,4-DB
- 4-chloro-2-methyl-phenoxy) butyric acid (MCPB) (Tropotox®)
- 2,4,5-TB
- a-phenoxypropionic herbicides
- silvex / 2(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy) propionic acid (Weedone®)
- 4-CPP
- dichlorprop / a-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) propionic acid (2,4-DP®)
- dichlorprop-P
- 3,4-DP
- fenoprop
- mecoprop / (4-chloro-2-methyl phenoxy) propionic acid (MCPP®)
- mecoprop-P
- aryloxyphenoxypropionic herbicides
- phenylenediamine herbicides
- dinitramine
- prodiamine
- heterocyclic compounds
- pyrazolyloxyacetophenone herbicides
- benzofenap
- pyrazoxyfen
- pyrazolylphenyl herbicides
- fluazolate
- pyraflufen
- pyridazine herbicides
- credazine
- pyridafol
- pyridate
- maleic hydrazide (MH) / 1,2-dihydro pyridazine-3,6-dione (Retard®)
- pyridazinone herbicides
- pyridine herbicides
- aminopyralid
- cliodinate
- clopyralid
- dithiopyr
- fluroxypyr
- haloxydine
- picloram / 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloro piclonic acid (Tordon®)
- picolinafen
- pyriclor
- thiazopyr
- triclopyr
- pyrimidinediamine herbicides
- iprymidam
- tioclorim
- quaternary ammonium herbicides
- cyperquat
- diethamquat
- difenzoquat
- morfamquat
- bipyridylium / bipyridyl compounds
- diquat / 1,1-ethyl-2,2 bipyridylium dibromide (Reglon®)
- paraquat / 1,1-dimethyl-4,4- bipyridylium dibromide (Gramoxone®) => reduced paraquat => O2- radicals => peroxidation of membrane PUFAs
- contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds
-
after ingestion of large doses, potentially fatal renal and hepatic failure
may develop, followed by ARDS.
- acute toxicity : CNS depression, respiratory failure
- chronic toxicity : endoalveoloar fibrosis
- triazine herbicides
- dipropetryn
- triaziflam
- trihydroxytriazine
- chlorotriazine herbicides
- atrazine / 2-chloro-4-(ethyl amino)-6-(isopropyl amino)-S-triazine (Atrataf®, Residox®)
- chlorazine
- cyanazine
- cyprazine
- eglinazine
- ipazine
- mesoprazine
- procyazine
- proglinazine
- propazine
- sebuthylazine
- simazine / 2-chloro-4,6-bis-(ethyl amino)-S-triazine (Gesatop®) (also algicide)
- terbuthylazine
- trietazine
- methoxytriazine herbicides
- atraton
- methometon
- prometone / prometon / 2,4-bis(isopropyl amino)-6-methoxy-S-triazine (Pramitol®)
- secbumeton
- simeton
- terbumeton
- methylthiotriazine herbicides
- ametryne / ametryn / 2-(ethyl amino)-4-(isopropyl-amino)-6-(methyl amino)-S-triazine (Gesapax®)
- aziprotryne
- cyanatryn
- desmetryn
- dimethametryn
- methoprotryne
- prometryn
- simetryn
- terbutryn / terbutryne / 2,4-bis(isopropyl amino)-6-methoxy-S-triazine (tert-butylamino)-4 (ethyl amino)-6-(methylthio)-S-triazine (Igran®)
- triazinone herbicides
- ametridione
- amibuzin
- hexazinone
- isomethiozin
- metamitron
- metribuzin / 4-amino-6-tert-butyl 3-(methyl-thio)-S-triazine-5(4H) one (Sencor®)
- triazole herbicides
- amitrole / 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (Weedazol®)
- cafenstrole
- epronaz
- flupoxam
- triazolone herbicides
- amicarbazone
- carfentrazone
- flucarbazone
- propoxycarbazone
- sulfentrazone
- triazolopyrimidine herbicides
- cloransulam
- diclosulam
- florasulam
- flumetsulam
- metosulam
- penoxsulam
- uracil herbicides
- butafenacil
- flupropacil
- isocil
- lenacil
- bromacil / 5-bromo-6-methyl 1 3,5-butyl uracil (Hyvar-x®)
- terbacil / 5-chloro-6-methyl 3-T butyl uracil (Sinbar®)
- miscellaneous heterocyclic compounds
- aminotriazone
- amitrole / 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (Weedazol®)
- endothal / 3,6-endoxohexa hydrophthalic acid / 7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2,3-dicarboxylic acid (also algicide) (Endothall®)
- oxadiazon / 2-butyl-4-(2-,4-dichloro-5-isopropyl-1,3,4-oxadiazolin 5 oneoxyphenol) (Ronstar®)
- pyrazon / 5-amino-4-chloro-2-phenyl 3 (2H) pyridazinone (Pyramin®)
- thiocarbamate herbicides
- butylate
- cycloate
- diallate / S-(2,3-dichloro allyl) di-iso-propyl-thio carbamate (Avadex®)
- S-ethyl dipropyl thiocarbamate (EPTC) (EPTAM®)
- esprocarb
- ethiolate
- isopolinate
- methiobencarb
- molinate / S-ethyl hexahydro-I H-azapine 1-carbothionate (Ordam-72®)
- orbencarb
- pebulate
- prosulfocarb
- pyributicarb
- sulfallate
- thiobencarb
- tiocarbazil
- triallate / S-(2,3,3-trichloro allyl) di iso-propyl thio carbamate (Avadex BW®)
- vernolate
- benthiocarb / S-(4-chlorobenzyl)-N,N-diethyl thio-carbamate (Saturn®, Bolero®)
- 2-chloro allyl diethyl dithiocarbamate (CDEC) (Vegadex®)
- bentazon / bentazone / 3-isopropyl-2,1,3-benzo-thiadiazon-4-one-2,2-dioxide (Besagran BSA-3510®)
- parathion undergoes
- activation by microsomal oxidase into lethal paraoxon
- inactivation
- transformation by microsomal transferase into p-nitrochlorophenol (conjugated to glucuronic acid) and diethylphosphoric acid, both nontoxic
- thiocarbonate herbicides
- dimexano
- EXD
- proxan
- substituted urea herbicides
- benzthiazuron
- cumyluron
- cycluron
- dichloralurea
- diflufenzopyr
- isonoruron
- isouron
- methabenzthiazuron
- monisouron
- noruron
- thiourea herbicides
- methiuron
- phenylurea herbicides
- anisuron
- buturon
- alkoxy
- linuron / 3-(3,4-dichloro phenyl)-1,methoxy-1-methyl urea (Lorox®)
- chlorbromuron / 3-(4-bromo-3-chlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methyl urea (Bromex®)
- chloreturon
- chlorotoluron
- alkyl
- chlorosulfuron
- chloroxuron / 3-(p-(p-chlorophenoxy) phenyl) 1,1-dimethyl urea (Tenoron®)
- diuron / 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl) dimethyl urea (Karmex®)
- fenuron TCA / 1,1-dimethyl-3-phenyl-ureamon (trichloro acetate) (Urab®)
- fluometuron / 1,1-dimethyl-3-(a,a,a-trifluoro m-totyl) urea (Cotoron®)
- monuron / 3(p-chlorphenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea (Telvar®)
- neburon / 3,4-dichlorophenyl butyl, methyl urea (Bonus®)
- daimuron
- difenoxuron
- dimefuron
- fluothiuron
- isoproturon
- methiuron
- methyldymron
- metobenzuron
- metobromuron
- metoxuron
- monolinuron
- parafluron
- phenobenzuron
- siduron
- tetrafluron
- thidiazuron
- sulfonylurea herbicides
- pyrimidinylsulfonylurea herbicides
- amidosulfuron
- azimsulfuron
- bensulfuron
- chlorimuron
- cyclosulfamuron
- ethoxysulfuron
- flazasulfuron
- flucetosulfuron
- flupyrsulfuron
- foramsulfuron
- halosulfuron
- imazosulfuron
- mesosulfuron
- nicosulfuron
- oxasulfuron
- primisulfuron
- pyrazosulfuron
- rimsulfuron
- sulfometuron
- sulfosulfuron
- trifloxysulfuron
- triazinylsulfonylurea herbicides
- chlorsulfuron
- cinosulfuron
- ethametsulfuron
- iodosulfuron
- metsulfuron
- prosulfuron
- thifensulfuron
- triasulfuron
- tribenuron
- triflusulfuron
- tritosulfuron
- thiadiazolylurea herbicides
- buthiuron
- ethidimuron
- tebuthiuron
- thiazafluron
- thidiazuron
- unclassified
- C-288-methazole / 2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1,2-4-oxadiazolidine-3,5-dione (Probe®)
- perfluidone / 4-(phenyl sulphonyl)-1,1,1-trifluromethyl sulphono-o-toluidide (Destun®)
- fosmidomycin inhibits DOXP reductoisomerase(part of the 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate / 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate pathway (DOXP/MEP pathway) for non-mevalonate isoprenoid biosynthesis)
- acrolein
- allyl alcohol
- azafenidin
- benazolin
- benzobicyclon
- buthidazole
- calcium cyanamide (CaCN2) (Dormex®) is a plant growth regulator designed to stimulate more uniform budbreak following dormancy, resulting in more uniform flowering and maturity at harvest. Dormex® is applied by nebulization with an atomizer. "Kalkstickstoff" is extensively used as a fertilizer and a herbicide and also as a chemical intermediate. Its main compounds are calcium cyanamide (CaCN2) (60%) and calcium oxide (15%). The maximal CaCN2 concentration measured at the working places was 8.3 mg/m3. No signs of diseases or health impairments, which are possibly caused by CaCN2, were found with the medical examination in the above mentioned organs and organ systems. There also was no decrease of the glutathione content of the total blood detectable. With an alcohol load of 22 voluntary workers 1 till 7 hours after the working shift in 6 cases modest and in 7 cases weak flush reactions were observed. As result of the study an elevation of the MAC-value from 1 to at least 2.5 mg/m3 is proposedref. Hydrogen cyanamide is classified in the European Union as "toxic" if swallowed, "harmful" in contact with skin, "irritating" to eyes and skin, and capable of producing sensitization after skin contact. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) places both the active ingredient (hydrogen cyanamide) and the product (Dormex®), which contains 50% hydrogen cyanamide, into the acute toxicity category I (danger). The Dormex® product label provided by the manufacturer to EPA indicates that the following personal protective equipment must be used by applicators and other handlers of this product: chemical-resistant suit, chemical-resistant gloves, chemical-resistant footwear, eye and face protection, and a respirator with either an organic vapor-removing cartridge with a prefilter approved for pesticides or a canister approved for pesticides. On the basis of experimental trials of the product, Dormex® was classified in Italy as "harmful" if swallowed, "harmful" in contact with the skin, "irritating" to the eyes and skin, capable of causing serious damage to the eyes, and of causing sensitization after skin contact. This corresponds to EPA acute toxicity category II. The product sold in Italy was for use only by licensed applicators and required wearing suitable protective clothing, gloves, and eye and face protection.
- adverse health effects from contact with hydrogen cyanamide include severe irritation and ulceration of the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract caused by the content of calcium oxide
-
mal rouge : a syndrome occurring after inhalation or ingestion of
calcium cyanamide followed by drinking an alcoholic beverage, marked by
intense flushing of the head, the neck and the upper part of the body,
pounding heart, panting respiration, vomiting, parasympathetic hyperactivity,
dyspnea, hypotension, tachycardia, confusion, and perception of the taste
and smell of acetaldehyde in the exhaled breath, which may be followed
by nausea, vomiting, and a precipitous fall in blood pressure; the extent
and severity of the symptoms depend on the amount of calcium cyanamide
and alcohol in the system. The reactions are due to the inhibition by calcium
cyanamide of aldehyde dehydrogenase (AlDH)
required for oxidation of acetaldehyde formed from alcohol, resulting in
the accumulation of acetaldehyde and the altered vascular reaction to it.
A similar syndrome, also due to accumulation of acetaldehyde, occurs on
ingestion of disulfiram
followed by drinking an alcoholic beverage, but in addition there are impaired
taste, unpleasant breath and perspiration, and lessened sexual potency.
Not carcinogenic for F344 rats or B6C3F1 mice of either sexref.
- cambendichlor
- chlorfenac
- chlorfenprop
- chlorflurazole
- chlorflurenol
- cinmethylin
- clomazone
- CPMF
- cresol
- ortho-dichlorobenzene
- dimepiperate
- fluoromidine
- fluridone
- flurochloridone
- flurtamone
- fluthiacet
- indanofan
- methyl isothiocyanate
- nipyraclofen
- OCH
- oxadiargyl
- oxaziclomefone
- pentachlorophenol
- pentoxazone
- phenylmercury acetate
- pinoxaden
- prosulfalin
- pyrazolynate
- pyribenzoxim
- pyriftalid
- quinoclamine
- rhodethanil
- sulglycapin
- thidiazimin
- tridiphane
- trimeturon
- tripropindan
- tritac
Commonly used before 1945
Symptoms & signs from chronic exposure : saturnism, arsenicism, skin erythemas
Laboratory examinations :
MCPA®, Chiptox®, Ded-Weed®, Empal®, Kilsem®, Mephanal®, Methoxone®, Phomene®, Rhonox®, and Weedar®)
Symptoms & signs :
Sources : commonly used in rice fields
Symptoms & signs : hepatotoxicity
Symptoms & signs : hepatotoxicity
Symptoms & signs : liver and thyroid cancers
Symptoms & signs : liver and thyroid cancers
Epidemiology : during January-February 2001, 8 cases of acute illness in the county of Ragusa, Italy, were reported to the Italian National Institute for Health (INIH) by the Milan Poison Control Center (MPCC) and were attributed to exposure to Dormex, a plant growth regulator with hydrogen cyanamide as the active ingredient. These cases were identified during a pilot project for acute pesticide-related illness surveillance. Subsequent active case finding at health-care clinics by the Ragusa Occupational Health Unit identified 6 additional cases. MPCC identified 9 cases in other areas of Italy. Of the 23 cases of acute illness, 22 resulted from occupational exposure during mixing and/or applying of Dormex, and one was from unintentional ingestionref. Since 1981, only 5 cases of acute pesticide-related illness associated with hydrogen cyanamide have been identified in the United States (CDC, unpublished data, 2001). All 5 patients were exposed in California. No cases were identified in the other seven states with acute pesticide-related illness surveillance programs or by the Toxic Exposure Surveillance System, which collects poisoning reports submitted by approximately 85% of U.S. poison control centers. The low number of U.S. cases compared with Italy may be related to greater precautions required by the label of the U.S.-distributed product. The findings in this report are subject to at least two limitations. First, because active surveillance for acute pesticide-related illness cases was conducted in Ragusa only, patients who sought health care in other parts of Italy may have been missed. Second, lack of detailed information on the events surrounding exposure may have precluded identification of additional risk factors for hydrogen cyanamide-related illness. Although use of Dormex® in Italy began in 2000, only three cases of acute illness associated with this product were identified by MPCC in 2000 (i.e., before establishment of the pilot surveillance program). One occurred in Ragusa and the other two were from other regions in southern Italy. These data suggest that fewer cases occurred in 2000 compared with 2001. Because emergency department medical records in Ragusa for 2000 were not available to the Occupational Health Unit, the total number of Ragusa cases that occurred in 2000 is unknown. The establishment of the pilot surveillance system in January 2001 probably enabled the detection of this outbreak through active case-finding and the use of a standardized form. Ragusa was selected for this pilot program, in part, because it is an area characterized by greenhouse cultivation of fruits and vegetables with extensive use of pesticides and because of heightened awareness of pesticide-related illnesses by the Ragusa Occupational Health Unit. These findings demonstrate the usefulness of surveillance for detecting emerging pesticide problems. In addition, this outbreak suggests the need for international uniformity in both the acute toxicity category assigned to a pesticide and in the detailed recommendations and requirements provided on the pesticide label.
Symptoms & signs :
- alachlor 12,97% (May : 2.68 kg/ha)
- sodium chlorate 12,88%
- propanil 7,89%
- TCA 7,73%
- 2,4-D 6,18% (Feb-Mar-Apr : 0.23 kg/ha)
- linuron 3,36% (May : 0.5 kg/ha)
- atrazine 2,99% (May : 1.22 kg/ha)
- chlortalidon 2,8% (Nov : 0.85 kg/ha)
- trifluralin 2,69% (Nov : 0.54 kg/ha)
- MCPA 2,46% (Feb-Mar-Apr : 0.62 kg/ha)
- metamitron 2,44% (Feb-Mar-Apr : 10.1 kg/ha)
- molinate 2,27%
- terbuthylazine 2,22%
- simazine 2,16%
- paraquat 1,88%
- butilate 1,85%
- pendimethalin 1,79%
- dalapon 1,75%
- thiobencarb 1,65%
- others 16,95%
- glyphosate (Feb-Mar-Apr : 0.13 kg/ha)
- chloridazon (Feb-Mar-Apr : 6.7 kg/ha)
- metabentiazuron (Nov : 0.92 kg/ha)
- EPTC (May : 6.4 kg/ha)
- diclofop-methyl (Feb-Mar-Apr : 0.52 kg/ha)
- benoxacor
- cloquintocet
- cyometrinil
- dichlormid
- dicyclonon
- dietholate
- fenchlorazole
- fenclorim
- flurazole
- fluxofenim
- furilazole
- isoxadifen
- mefenpyr
- mephenate
- naphthalic anhydride
- oxabetrinil
- acibenzolar
- probenazole
- antiauxins
- clofibric acid
- 2,3,5-tri-iodobenzoic acid
- auxins
- 4-CPA
- 2,4-D
- 2,4-DB
- 2,4-DEP
- dichlorprop
- fenoprop
- IAA
- IBA
- naphthaleneacetamide
- a-naphthaleneacetic acid
- 1-naphthol
- naphthoxyacetic acid
- potassium naphthenate
- sodium naphthenate
- 2,4,5-T
- cytokinins
- 2iP
- benzyladenine
- kinetin
- zeatin
- defoliants
- calcium cyanamide
- dimethipin
- endothal
- ethephon
- metoxuron
- pentachlorophenol
- thidiazuron
- tribufos
- ethylene inhibitors
- aviglycine
- 1-methylcyclopropene
- ethylene releasers
- ACC
- etacelasil
- ethephon
- glyoxime
- gibberellins
- gibberellins
- gibberellic acid
- growth inhibitors
- abscisic acid
- ancymidol
- butralin
- carbaryl
- chlorphonium
- chlorpropham
- dikegulac
- flumetralin
- fluoridamid
- fosamine
- glyphosine
- isopyrimol
- jasmonic acid
- maleic hydrazide
- mepiquat chloride
- piproctanyl
- prohydrojasmon
- propham
- 2,3,5-tri-iodobenzoic acid
- morphactins
- chlorfluren
- chlorflurenol
- dichlorflurenol
- flurenol
- growth retardants
- chlormequat chloride (Cycocel®)
- daminozide (B-nine®)
- flurprimidol
- mefluidide
- paclobutrazol
- tetcyclacis
- uniconazole
- growth stimulators
- brassinolide
- forchlorfenuron
- hymexazol
- unclassified plant growth regulators
- benzofluor
- buminafos
- carvone
- ciobutide
- clofencet
- cloxyfonac
- cyclanilide
- cycloheximide
- epocholeone
- ethychlozate
- ethylene
- fenridazon
- heptopargil
- holosulf
- inabenfide
- karetazan
- lead arsenate
- methasulfocarb
- prohexadione
- pydanon
- sintofen
- triapenthenol
- trinexapac
- inorganic :
- calcium arsenate
- copper acetoarsenite (a.k.a. Paris green / pigment green 21 / C4H6As6Cu4O16) (also insecticide)
- copper sulfate
- organic :
- N-bromoacetamide (C2H4BrNO)
- metaldehyde
- niclosamide
- pentachlorophenol
- sodium pentachlorophenoxide
- phenyl methylcarbamates
- cloethocarb (also insecticide and nematicide)
- methiocarb
- tazimcarb
- thiodicarb
- trimethacarb
- organotin fungicides
- triethyl tin oxide
- tributyl tin oxide
- triphenyl acetate tin
- fentin
- trifenmorph
and disinsection)- muscacide : 1. destructive to flies. 2. any agent that destroys flies.
-
ectoparasiticides
/ acaricides
- antibiotic acaricides
- nikkomycins
- thuringiensin
- macrocyclic lactone acaricides
- bridged diphenyl acaricides
- azobenzene
- benzoximate
- benzyl benzoate
- bromopropylate
- chlorbenside
- chlorfenethol
- chlorfenson
- chlorfensulphide
- chlorobenzilate
- chloropropylat
- DDT
- dicofol (Kelthane®, Mitigan®)
- diphenyl sulfone
- dofenapyn
- fenson
- fentrifanil
- fluorbenside
- proclonol
- tetradifon
- tetrasul
- carbamate acaricides
- benomyl (Benlate®)
- carbanolate
- carbaryl
- carbofuran
- methiocarb
- metolcarb
- promacyl
- propoxur
- oxime carbamate acaricides
- aldicarb
- butocarboxim
- oxamyl
- thiocarboxime
- thiofanox
- dinitrophenol acaricides
- binapacryl
- dinex
- dinobuton
- dinocap
- dinocap-4
- dinocap-6
- dinocton
- dinopenton
- dinosulfon
- dinoterbon
- DNOC
- formamidine acaricides
- amitraz
- chlordimeform
- chloromebuform
- formetanate
- formparanate
- mite growth regulators
- clofentezine
- diflovidazin
- dofenapyn
- fluazuron
- flubenzimine
- flucycloxuron
- flufenoxuron
- hexythiazox
- organochlorine acaricides
- bromocyclen
- camphechlor
- DDT
- dienochlor (Pentac Qquaflow®)
- endosulfan
- lindane
- organophosphorus acaricides
- organophosphate acaricides
- chlorfenvinphos
- crotoxyphos
- dichlorvos
- heptenophos
- mevinphos
- monocrotophos
- naled
- schradan
- TEPP
- tetrachlorvinphos
- organothiophosphate acaricides
- amidithion
- amiton
- azinphos-ethyl
- azinphos-methyl
- azothoate
- benoxafos
- bromophos
- bromophos-ethyl
- carbophenothion
- chlorpyrifos
- chlorthiophos
- coumaphos caused the death of at least 27 schoolchildren in a town in Bohol, Philippines, in March 2005
- cyanthoate
- demeton
- demeton-O
- demeton-S
- demeton-methyl
- demeton-O-methyl
- demeton-S-methyl
- demeton-S-methylsulphon
- dialifos
- diazinon
- dimethoate
- dioxathion
- disulfoton
- endothion
- ethion
- ethoate-methyl
- formothion
- malathion
- mecarbam
- methacrifos
- omethoate
- oxydeprofos
- oxydisulfoton
- parathion
- phenkapton
- phorate
- phosalone
- phosmet
- phoxim
- pirimiphos-methyl
- prothidathion
- prothoate
- pyrimitate
- quinalphos
- quintiofos
- sophamide
- sulfotep
- thiometon
- triazophos
- trifenofos
- vamidothion
- phosphonate acaricides
- trichlorfon
- phosphoramidothioate acaricides
- isocarbophos
- methamidophos
- propetamphos
- phosphorodiamide acaricides
- dimefox
- mipafox
- organotin acaricides
- azocyclotin
- cyhexatin (Dowco 213®, Plictran®)
- fenbutatin-oxide (Torque®, Vendex®)
- phenylsulfamide acaricides
- dichlofluanid
- phthalimide acaricides
- dialifos
- phosmet
- pyrazole acaricides
- acetoprole
- fipronil
- tebufenpyrad
- vaniliprole
- pyrethroid acaricides
- pyrethroid ester acaricides
- acrinathrin
- bifenthrin
- cyhalothrin
- cypermethrin
- alpha-cypermethrin
- fenpropathrin
- fenvalerate
- flucythrinate
- flumethrin
- fluvalinate
- tau-fluvalinate
- permethrin
- pyrethroid ether acaricides
- halfenprox
- pyrimidinamine acaricides
- pyrimidifen
- pyrrole acaricides
- chlorfenapyr
- quinoxaline acaricides
- chinomethionat
- thioquinox
- sulfite ester acaricides
- propargite
- tetrazine acaricides
- clofentezine
- diflovidazin
- tetronic acid acaricides
- spirodiclofen
- thiocarbamate acaricides
- fenothiocarb
- thiourea acaricides
- chloromethiuron
- diafenthiuron
- unclassified acaricides
- acequinocyl
- amidoflumet
- arsenous oxide
- bifenazate
- closantel
- crotamiton
- disulfiram
- etoxazole
- fenazaflor
- fenazaquin
- fenpyroximate
- fluacrypyrim
- fluenetil
- mesulfen
- MNAF
- nifluridide
- pyridaben
- sulfiram
- sulfluramid
- sulfur
- triarathene
- antibiotic insecticides
- allosamidin
- thuringiensin
- macrocyclic lactone insecticides
- spinosad
- avermectin insecticides
- milbemycin insecticides
- milbemectin
- milbemycin oxime
- moxidectin
- arsenical insecticides / arsenicals
- calcium arsenate
- copper acetoarsenite
- copper arsenate
- lead arsenate
- potassium arsenite
- sodium arsenite
-
carbamate insecticides / carbamate
AChE
inhibitors
- bendiocarb
- carbaryl
- benzofuranyl methylcarbamate insecticides
- benfuracarb
- carbofuran
- carbosulfan
- decarbofuran
- furathiocarb
- dimethylcarbamate insecticides
- dimetan
- dimetilan
- hyquincarb
- pirimicarb
- oxime carbamate insecticides
- alanycarb
- aldicarb
- aldoxycarb
- butocarboxim
- butoxycarboxim
- methomyl
- nitrilacarb
- oxamyl (Oxamyl®)
- tazimcarb
- thiocarboxime
- thiodicarb
- thiofanox
- phenyl methylcarbamate insecticides
- allyxycarb
- aminocarb
- bufencarb
- butacarb
- carbanolate
- cloethocarb
- dicresyl
- dioxacarb
- EMPC
- ethiofencarb
- fenethacarb
- fenobucarb
- isoprocarb
- methiocarb
- metolcarb
- mexacarbate
- promacyl
- promecarb
- propoxur
- trimethacarb
- XMC
- xylylcarb
- [AChE and pseudocholinesterase activity]plasma
- [1-naphthol]urine for carbaryl
- dinitrophenol insecticides
- dinex
- dinoprop
- dinosam
- 2-methyl-4,6-dinitrophenol / dinitro-o-cresol (DNOC) (Sinox®)
- fluorine insecticides
- fluosilicates
- barium hexafluorosilicate
- sodium hexafluorosilicate
- cryolite
- sodium fluoride
- sulfluramid
- formamidine insecticides
- amitraz
- chlordimeform
- formetanate
- formparanate
- fumigant insecticide
- acrylonitrile
- carbon disulfide
- carbon tetrachloride
- chloroform
- chloropicrin is used primarily as a pre-plant soil fumigant against insects and fungi; it also kills weed and grass seeds when applied to soil. Chloropicrin is occasionally used as a fumigant in grain elevators and storage bins (HSDB, 1996). It is used as an indicator chemical in other fumigants such as methyl bromide because of its potent irritant properties. Chloropicrin was used in World War I as a chemical warfare agent because of its potent activity as a lachrymator [causing the eyes to tear]. It has a minor use in the chemical synthesis of methyl violet, & can also form in drinking water as a result of chlorination processesref1, ref2. No studies are available that describe toxic effects to humans from chronic exposure to chloropicrin. Human exposures to concentrations less than 1 ppm for very short periods of time are extremely irritating (ACGIH, 1992; Fries and West, 1921). The threshold of odor detection in humans is approximately 1 ppm (ACGIH, 1992)ref.
- p-dichlorobenzene
- 1,2-dichloropropane
- ethyl formate
- ethylene dibromide
- ethylene dichloride
- ethylene oxide
- hydrogen cyanide
- iodomethane
- methyl bromide
- methylchloroform
- methylene chloride
- naphthalene
- phosphine
- sulfur compounds
- sulfuryl fluoride
- tetrachloroethane
- inorganic insecticides
- borax
- calcium polysulfide
- copper oleate
- mercurous chloride
- potassium thiocyanate
- sodium thiocyanate
- insect growth regulators
- chitin synthesis inhibitors
- bistrifluron
- buprofezin
- chlorfluazuron
- cyromazine
- diflubenzuron
- flucycloxuron
- flufenoxuron
- hexaflumuron
- lufenuron
- novaluron
- noviflumuron
- penfluron
- teflubenzuron
- triflumuron
- juvenile hormone mimics
- epofenonane
- fenoxycarb
- hydroprene
- kinoprene (Enstar®)
- methoprene
- pyriproxyfen
- triprene
- juvenile hormones
- juvenile hormone I
- juvenile hormone II
- juvenile hormone III
- moulting hormone agonists
- chromafenozide
- halofenozide
- methoxyfenozide
- tebufenozide
- moulting hormones
- ?-ecdysone
- ecdysterone
- moulting inhibitors
- diofenolan
- precocenes
- precocene I
- precocene II
- precocene III
- unclassified insect growth regulators
- dicyclanil
- nereistoxin analogue insecticides
- bensultap
- cartap
- thiocyclam
- thiosultap
- nicotinoid insecticides
- flonicamid
- nitroguanidine insecticides
- clothianidin
- dinotefuran
- imidacloprid
- thiamethoxam
- nitromethylene insecticides
- nitenpyram
- nithiazine
- pyridylmethylamine insecticides
- acetamiprid
- imidacloprid
- nitenpyram
- thiacloprid
- organochlorine / chlorinated hydrocarbons insecticides
- bromo-DDT
- camphechlor
- DDT
- pp-DDT
- ethyl-DDD
- HCH
- gamma-HCH
- lindane
- methoxychlor
- pentachlorophenol
- TDE
- cyclodiene insecticides
- aldrin
- bromocyclen
- chlorbicyclen
- chlordane : a toxic chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide; poisoning of humans or other animals may occur by percutaneous absorption, ingestion, or inhalation and consists of neurotoxic symptoms such as muscular spasms and seizures that can be fatal.
- chlordecone : a polychlorinated ketone used as an insecticide; workers exposed to this nonbiodegradable compound have suffered neurologic symptoms, such as tremors and slurred speech
- dieldrin
- dilor
- endosulfan
- endrin
- HEOD
- heptachlor
- HHDN
- isobenzan
- isodrin
- kelevan
- mirex
-
voltage-gated Na+ channels
inhibitors
-
chlorinated
cyclodienes GABAA
antagonists : short half-life
- acute toxicity :
- CNS : p.o. < 1g => excitation; > 1 g : depression
- liver : centrolobular necrosis from high-dose exposure
- chronic toxicity : t1/2 in fat tissue = 3.4 years
- dermopathies
- induction of liver enzymes
- minor neurological involvement
- [DDA, 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, D-glucaric acid]urine
- [DDT, DDA, dieldrin, lindane]plasma
- organophosphorus insecticides
-
organophosphate
insecticides : phosphorothioate AChE
inhibitors
- bromfenvinfos
- chlorfenvinphos
- crotoxyphos
- dichlorvos
- dicrotophos
- dimethylvinphos
- fospirate
- heptenophos
- methocrotophos
- mevinphos
- monocrotophos
- naled
- naftalofo
- phosphamidon
- propaphos
- schradan
- TEPP
- tetrachlorvinphos
- acute toxicity :
- muscarinic effects on parasympathetic ganglia : bradycardia, hypotension, vasodilatation, smooth muscle contractions in all organs =>
- SLUDGE syndrome :
- SLUD syndrome
- salivation
- lacrimation
- urination
- defecation
- gastrointestinal upset or distress
- emesis
- bronchospasm => wheezing, bronchial (=> productive cough; bronchorrhea can be significant with frothy and/or bloody sputum and severe pulmonary edema)
- sweat hypersecretion
- miosis => blurred or darkened vision
- nicotinic effects on
- orthosympathetic ganglia : tachycardia, hypertension, mydriasis
- neuromuscular junctions : fasiculations, cramps/contractures/paresis
- CNS : headache, seizures, areflexia, paralysis of bulbar centres, CNS depression, alterations of consciousness, coma
- M agonists (atropine) every 10-20' until pupils' shape is reversed
-
oxime reactivators of acetylcholinesterase
(AChE)
- chronic toxicity :
- peripheral neuropathy due to inhibition of myelin neurotoxic esterase (NTE) (organophosphate induced delayed neurotoxicity (OPIDN))
- retinal pigmentary degeneration
- inhibition of liver microsomes
- immunosuppression
- [AChE and pseudocholinesterase]plasma
- [p-nitrophenol, alkylthiophosphates]urine
- organothiophosphate insecticides
- dioxabenzofos
- fosmethilan
- phenthoate
- aliphatic organothiophosphate insecticides
- acethion
- amiton
- cadusafos
- chlorethoxyfos
- chlormephos
- demephion
- demephion-O
- demephion-S
- demeton
- demeton-O
- demeton-S
- demeton-methyl
- demeton-O-methyl
- demeton-S-methyl
- demeton-S-methylsulphon
- disulfoton
- ethion
- ethoprophos
- IPSP
- isothioate
- malathion
- methacrifos
- oxydemeton-methyl (Metasystox®)
- oxydeprofos
- oxydisulfoton
- phorate
- sulfotep
- terbufos
- thiometon
- aliphatic amide organothiophosphate insecticides
- amidithion
- cyanthoate
- dimethoate
- ethoate-methyl
- formothion
- mecarbam
- omethoate
- prothoate
- sophamide
- vamidothion
- oxime organothiophosphate insecticides
- chlorphoxim
- phoxim
- phoxim-methyl
- heterocyclic organothiophosphate insecticides
- azamethiphos
- coumaphos
- coumithoate
- dioxathion
- endothion
- menazon
- morphothion
- phosalon
- pyraclofos
- pyridaphenthion
- quinothion
- benzothiopyran organothiophosphate insecticides
- dithicrofos
- thicrofos
- benzotriazine organothiophosphate insecticides
- azinphos-ethyl
- azinphos-methyl
- isoindole organothiophosphate insecticides
- dialifos
- phosmet
- isoxazole organothiophosphate insecticides
- isoxathion
- zolaprofos
- pyrazolopyrimidine organothiophosphate insecticides
- chlorprazophos
- pyrazophos
- pyridine organothiophosphate inecticides
- chlorpyrifos
- chlorpyrifos-methyl
- pyrimidine organothiophosphate insecticides
- butathiofos
- diazinon
- etrimfos
- lirimfos
- pirimiphos-ethyl
- pirimiphos-methyl
- primidophos
- pyrimitate
- tebupirimfos
- quinoxaline organothiophosphate insecticides
- quinalphos
- quinalphos-methyl
- thiadiazole organothiophosphate insecticides
- athidathion
- lythidathion
- methidathion
- prothidathion
- triazole organothiophosphate insecticides
- isazofos
- triazophos
- phenyl organothiophosphate insecticides
- azothoate
- bromophos
- bromophos-ethyl
- carbophenothion
- chlorthiophos
- cyanophos
- cythioate
- dicapthon
- dichlofenthion
- etaphos
- famphur
- fenchlorphos
- fenitrothion
- fensulfothion
- fenthion
- fenthion-ethyl
- heterophos
- jodfenphos
- mesulfenfos
- parathion
- parathion-methyl
- phenkapton
- phosnichlor
- profenofos
- prothiofos
- sulprofos
- temephos
- trichlormetaphos-3
- trifenofos
- phosphonate insecticides
- butonate
- trichlorfon
- phosphonothioate insecticides
- mecarphon
- phenyl ethylphosphonothioate insecticides
- fonofos
- trichloronat
- phenyl phenylphosphonothioate insecticides
- cyanofenphos
- EPN
- leptophos
- phosphoramidate insecticides
- crufomate
- fenamiphos
- fosthietan
- mephosfolan
- phosfolan
- pirimetaphos
- phosphoramidothioate insecticides
- acephate (Orthene®)
- isocarbophos
- isofenphos
- methamidophos
- propetamphos
- phosphorodiamide insecticides
- dimefox
- mazidox
- mipafox
- oxadiazine insecticides
- indoxacarb
- phthalimide insecticides
- dialifos
- phosmet
- tetramethrin
- pyrazole insecticides
- acetoprole
- ethiprole
- fipronil
- tebufenpyrad
- tolfenpyrad
- vaniliprole
-
pyrethroid
insecticides
- pyrethroid ester insecticides
- acrinathrin
- allethrin
- bioallethrin
- barthrin
- bifenthrin
- bioethanomethrin
- cyclethrin
- cycloprothrin
- cyfluthrin
- beta-cyfluthrin
- cyhalothrin
- gamma-cyhalothrin
- lambda-cyhalothrin
- cypermethrin
- alpha-cypermethrin
- beta-cypermethrin
- theta-cypermethrin
- zeta-cypermethrin
- cyphenothrin
- deltamethrin
- dimefluthrin
- dimethrin
- empenthrin
- fenfluthrin
- fenpirithrin
- fenpropathrin
- fenvalerate
- esfenvalerate
- flucythrinate
- fluvalinate
- tau-fluvalinate (Mavrik®)
- furethrin
- imiprothrin
- metofluthrin
- permethrin
- biopermethrin
- transpermethrin
- phenothrin
- prallethrin
- profluthrin
- pyresmethrin
- resmethrin
- bioresmethrin
- cismethrin
- tefluthrin
- terallethrin
- tetramethrin
- tralomethrin
- transfluthrin
- pyrethroid ether insecticides
- etofenprox
- flufenprox
- halfenprox
- protrifenbute
- silafluofe
- pyrimidinamine insecticides
- flufenerim
- pyrimidifen
- pyrrole insecticides
- chlorfenapyr
- tetronic acid insecticides
- spiromesifen
- thiourea insecticides
- diafenthiuron
- urea insecticides
- flucofuron
- sulcofuron
- unclassified insecticides
- closantel
- crotamiton
- EXD
- fenazaflor
- fenoxacrim
- hydramethylnon
- isoprothiolane
- malonoben
- metoxadiazone
- nifluridide
- pyridaben
- pyridalyl
- rafoxanide
- triarathene
- triazamate
- fluosilicate
- lethane
- thanite
- magnesium phosphide (Detia Gas-Ex-B-Forte®)
- imidachloprid (Admire®, Marathon®, Raxil Secur®)
- insecticidal soap (M-Pede®, Safer Soap®)
- chinomethionat (Morestan®)
- 1) posted and oral warnings based on the REI are necessary to prevent illness among workers performing hand labor in fields recently treated with pesticides and
- 2) failure to adhere to an REI can result in substantial morbidity among exposed workers.
=> propoxur intoxication from flea collars : the symptoms are almost identical to those described for FSE. After immediate removal of all flea collars, the hypermetric gait and the tactile and auditory hyperaesthesia of the cat normalizes within a few days, the head tremor persists but gradually disappears within 2 weeks. Apparently carbamate poisoning afflicts much the same brain areas as FSE.
Laboratory examinations :
are not required
Symptoms & signs : the quickest symptoms occur with inhalation, followed by GI absorption and dermal exposure, with respiratory symptoms being the most critical
,
pancreatitis,
hyperglycemia,
garlic odor and hypothermia
Therapy :
Therapy : supportive care, stomach wash, activated charcoal, treat anaphylaxis with adrenaline,1 in 1000, (1mg /ml intramuscular. Dose:<1 yr=0.05 ml 5 yrs =0.4 ml1 yr =0.1 ml 6-12 yrs =0.5 ml 2 yrs=0.2 ml Adults =0.5-1ml3-4 yrs =0.3 ml. Intubation & Ventilation, Oxygen if necessary
(97%), headache
(94%), eye irritation (85%), muscle weakness (82%), tearing (68%), vomiting
(79%), and salivation (56%); the most commonly observed signs were bradycardia
(21%), diaphoresis (15%), and miosis
(12%). The incident demonstrates that :
reported. Although the incident involved exposure to several pesticides, the agent with the greatest acute systemic toxicity is the broad-spectrum insecticide/nematocide carbofuran. Carbofuran exposure was the probable cause of illness based on biologic evidence (foliage and clothing samples and urine metabolites), signs and symptoms of