In vivo analysis techniques : sampling

IN VIVO ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES : SAMPLING

capnography : monitoring of the concentration of exhaled CO₂ in order to assess the physiologic status of patients with acute respiratory problems or who are receiving mechanical ventilation and to determine the adequacy of ventilation in anesthetized patients.

capnograph : a system for monitoring the concentration of exhaled CO₂, consisting of a sensor placed in the breathing circuit or a tube that carries part of the exhaled gases to the analyzing device, a mass spectrometer or an infrared spectrometer, and devices to provide continuous visual (cathode ray tube) and graphic (printer) displays.

capnogram

₂

urine has to be collected after > 3 hrs without urinating and after perineal washing without soap. The first 100÷150 mL are not collected (required for urethral clearing) : only the following 10 mL are collected in a sterile recipient and eventually frozen before forwarding to laboratory.
stools are collected into a non-necessarily sterile recipient.
nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal exudate. Collection is made by a synthetic (non-cottoned !) tampon introduced through nose or mouth respectively after 2 hrs without food : contacts with tongue and cheeks must be avoided. 2 samples are usually collected.
sputum. When sputum is not collectable (30%), mucus collection can be stimulated by administration of saline solutions (risk of contaminations) or made by invasive methods.

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