FACTORS IN STP
and tools to analyze transcription)
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| pre-initiation complex (PIC) / general transcription factors (GTFs) |
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all cells | ||||
| RNA polymerase I | ||||||
| RNA polymerase II (initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase II requires the activities of > 70 polypeptides) | amatoxins |
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| RNA polymerase III | amatoxins |
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| TFIIH |
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| TFIIJ | ||||||
| cAMP responsive element binding (CREB)
protein
Web resources : CREB Target Gene Database from Marc Montminy of the Salk Institute in La Jolla, California |
CREB1 | cAMP-responsive element (CRE) (5'-TGACCTCA-3')-containing genes : | ||||
| CREB2 | ||||||
| nuclear factor Y (NF-Y) : a histone-like CCAAT-binding protein that cooperates with E2 factors (E2F) to regulate transcription of many cell cycle genes. NF-Y is the prototype of a constitutive, ubiquitous factor that pre-sets the promoter architecture for other regulatory proteins to access it; heterotrimer | ||||||
AP1
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ROS
H2O2 Cys252 reduction |
PNRI-299 | IL-4
IL-5
IL-13
Muc5B HO-1 |
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| nuclear factor activator of T cells (NFAT) | NFAT1 / NFATc1 | T cells | ||||
| NFAT2 / NFATc2 | T cells | |||||
| NFAT3 / NFATc3 | / | |||||
| NFAT4 / NFATc4 | T cells | |||||
| NFAT5 / tonicity enhancer binding protein (TonEBP) : deletion of exons 6 and 7 of NFAT5 eliminated its ability to bind DNA and function as a TF | T cells, renal medullary epithelial cells, all tissues of developing embryos (expecially brain and heart) | hypertonicity | SLC5A3 / sodium/myoinositol transporter
SLC6A12 / betaine/g-aminobutyric acid transporter
SLC38A2 / ATA2
TNF-a
LT-b |
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nuclear factor k B
(NFkB) is a homodimer or heterodimer
of the following 5 subunits from the Rel family (containing Rel
homology (RH) domains) :
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caffeic acid phenetyl ester (CAPE)
parthenolide 2-hydroxy-4-trifluoromethylbenzoic acid (HTB) 1-pyrrolidinecarbodithioic acid / pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) deoxyspergualin (DSG) (inhibitor of translocation) |
IL-1b
IL-4
IL-5
IL-9
IL-15
TNF-a
CCL-5 / RANTES
CCL-7 / MCP-3
CCL11 / eotaxin
CD54 / ICAM-1 CD106 / VCAM-1 / INCAM-110 COX-2 |
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| E2F family | E2F1 | |||||
| E2F2 | ||||||
| E2F3 | ||||||
| E2F4 | ||||||
| E2F5 | ||||||
| E2F6 | ||||||
signal transducer and activator of
transcription (STAT)
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STAT1 | |||||
| STAT2 [the 79-kD protein encoded by M27 gene of mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) selectively binds and down-regulates STAT-2. The absence of pM27 conferred MCMV susceptibility to type I IFNs (a/ß), but it had a much more dramatic effect on type II IFNs (g) in vitro and in vivo. A comparative analysis of M27+ and M27– MCMV revealed that the antiviral efficiency of IFN-g was partially dependent on the synergistic action of type I IFNs that required STAT2. Moreover, STAT2 was directly activated by IFN-g. This effect required IFN receptor expression and was independent of type I IFNs. IFN-g induced increasing levels of tyrosine-phosphorylated STAT2 in M27– MCMV-infected cells that were essential for the antiviral potency of IFN-g. pM27 represents a new strategy for simultaneous evasions from types I and II IFNs, and it documents an unknown biological significance for STAT2 in antiviral IFN-g responsesref] | ||||||
| STAT3 requires phosphorylation on Ser727 and Tyr705 to be transcriptionally active: enhances the efficiency of its own Ser-727 phosphorylation by acting as a scaffold for the TAK1-NLK kinases, specifically in the IL-6R gp130 YXXQ motif-derived pathwayref. The truncated form of STAT3b lacks the carboxy-terminal transcruptional activation domain and is thought to be dominant negative to the full-length form STAT3a in transducing signals through cytokine receptors. But new research has shown that STAT3b can carry out the essential developmental functions of STAT3a and rescue the embryonic lethality of complete STAT3 deletion, and can also activate transcrption of certain target genes, such as those encoding APPs in the liver. However, STAT3b cannot compensate for all functions of full-length STAT3a, such as regulating signalling though the IL-6R, indicating that the 2 forms are non-redundantref. In response to cytokine treatment, Stat3 is also acetylated by p300 on a single lysine residue, Lys685 (reversible by type I histone deacetylase (HDAC)), critical for Stat3 to form stable dimers required for cytokine-stimulated DNA binding and transcriptional regulation, to enhance transcription of cell growth–related genes, and to promote cell cycle progression in response to treatment with oncostatin Mref | ||||||
| STAT4 | ||||||
| STAT5 | ||||||
STAT6
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TNF-a |
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| regulatory factor X (RFX) family | RFX1 | |||||
| RFX2 | ||||||
| RFX3 | ||||||
| RFX4 | ||||||
| RFX5 | ||||||
| RFX-B / ANK | ||||||
| RFXAP | ||||||
| GATA family | GATA1 | |||||
| GATA2 | ||||||
| GATA3 | ||||||
| GATA4 | ||||||
| GATA5 | ||||||
| GATA6 | ||||||
| interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family | IRF1
activates the expression of IFN-a and ß
and maps to chromosome 5q31.1. As it is thought to act as a tumor suppressor
gene, its role in the pathologic consequences of the 5q–
syndrome
is under active investigation |
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| IRF2 binds to a promoter element shared by IFN-a and ß and many interferon-inducible genes. Unlike IRF-1, which stimulates such genes, IRF-2 represses transcription at the site. It is felt that the ratio of IRF-1 to IRF-2 might be a critical event in the regulation of cellular proliferation. | ||||||
| IRF3 | ||||||
| IRF4 | ||||||
| IRF5 | ||||||
| IRF6 | ||||||
| IRF7 | ||||||
| IRF8 | ||||||
| IRF9 / interferon-stimulated transcription factor 3, gamma 48 kDa (ISGF3G) | ||||||
| ETS family | ||||||
HIF-1 is a heterodimeric bHLH Per/ARNT/Sim
(PAS)-domain TF
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hypoxia-responsive element (HRE) (5'-RCGTG-3')-containing genes:
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| early growth response 1 (EGR-1) / ZIF-268 (ZnF expressed in hypoxic mononuclear phagocytes) | tissue factor (TF)ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6 | |||||
| CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) b (CEBPB) / NF-IL6 is a bLZ | ||||||
CBP/p300 contain 2 transcriptional
adapter zinc-binding (TAZ) motifs
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| undetermined hypoxia-inducible TFs | DDIT3
/ GADD153
ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) p27 |
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| high motility group (HMG) | TCF-1 | |||||
| TCF-3 | ||||||
| TCF-4 | ||||||
| LEF1 | ||||||
| high mobility group AT-hook 1 (HMGA1 / HMG I(Y)) | ||||||
| basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family : dimerize through a domain containing 2 a helical regions separated by a loop structure | microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) | E-box (CANNTG) containing genes : | ||||
| c-MYC binds DNA as a heterodimer with MAX | WRN | |||||
| myogenic : | ||||||
| transcription factor 3 (TCF3) / E2A immunoglobulin enhancer-binding factor E12/E47 of the immunoglobulin promoter | ||||||
| musculin (MSC) / activated B-cell factor 1 (ABF1) / MYO-R : the predicted 218-amino acid protein contains a bHLH motif, a putative nuclear localization signal, a glycine-rich region, and a stretch of acidic residues. MSC is capable of binding an E-box element either as a homodimer or as a heterodimer with E2A in vitro, and forms heterodimers with E2A proteins in vivo. MSC contains a transcriptional repression domain and is capable of inhibiting the transactivation capability of E47, an E2A protein, in mammalian cells. MSC is a downstream target of the B-cell receptor signal transduction pathway. It is expressed only in skeletal muscle precursors and adult kidney side population (SP) cells in the renal interstitial space. Musculin/MyoR+ cells were decreased in ARF, but infusion of kidney SP cells increased musculin/MyoR+ cells and improved renal function. Kidney SP cells in reversible ARF expressed a high level of renoprotective factors and LIF, but not in irreversible CRF. In cultured kidney SP cells, LIF stimulated gene expression of renoprotective factors, and down-regulation of musculin/MyoR augmented LIF-induced gene expression.ref. | ||||||
| helix-loop-helix (HLH) | T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia 1 (TAL1) / stem cell leukemia (SCL) : this proto-oncogene, first identified in a stem cell leukemia at the site of t(1;14), is a member of the group of transcriptionally active proteins. The association of t(1;14) with up to 25% of T cell ALL suggests that its ectopic expression is associated with transformation | erythroid and mast cell lineages but not in T cells | ||||
| ETV6
/ TEL : fused to the PDGFß-receptor in CMML
t(5:12) and to other genes in AML or MDS. Like most other translocation
oncogenes, the mechanism of leukemogenesis is unknown. More recently, a
TEL/AML1 fusion gene representing a t(12;21) has been found in a large
number of cases of childhood ALL. As the translocation is not detected
by routine cytogenetics, molecular analysis (FISH, etc.) is required to
identify this favorable chromosomal rearrangement. |
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| inhibitor of DNA binding (ID) family, members of which are transcriptional regulators that contain a HLH domain but not a basic domain : members of the ID family inhibit the functions of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors in a dominant-negative manner by suppressing their heterodimerization partners through the HLH domains. This protein may play a role in negatively regulating cell differentiation. A pseudogene has been identified for this gene | ||||||
| nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 3 (NFE2L3) | ||||||
| basic helix-loop-helix-leucine zipper (bHLH-Zip) transcription factor family | sterol response element regulatory proteins (SREBP) | LDLR |
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| basic leucine zipper (bLZ) nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2 (NF-E2) family | NF-E2-related factor 2 (NRF2) / GA binding protein transcription factor, a subunit (GABPA) 60 kDaref1, ref2 | antioxidant response element (ARE)-containing genes :
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| myocyte enhancer factor-2 (MEF2) family | MEF2A | |||||
| MEF2B | ||||||
| MEF2C | ||||||
| MEF2D | ||||||
| homeobox transcription factor | Pou domain, class 5, transcription factor 1 (POU5F1) / octamer-binding transcription factor 3 (Oct3/4) | ES cells, type A spermatogonia in the adult male (levels of expression are correlated with maturity), GCTs | ||||
| Nanog (from the Celtic "Tir nan Og" meaning "Land of the Ever Young") | preimplantation embryos (from the morula stage through to the epiblast), primordial germ cells (PGC), various tumors, undifferentiated ES cells | |||||
| Interferon-consensus-sequence-binding protein 1 (ICSBP1) | ||||||
| core binding factor b (CBFB) : a family of heterodimeric transcription factors containing a common ß subunit, CBFß, and one of 3 CBF subunits : CBFß increases the affinities of the CBF subunits for DNA. Mice lacking CBFß or AML1 fail to develop definitive hematopoiesis. | ||||||
| c-myb is expressed primarily in immature hematopoietic cells and declines as cells differentiate. Forced expression of c-myb blocks hematopoietic differentiation. Clinically, high levels of myb are noted in acute leukemia, and such patients are less likely to enter remission or tend to have a short remission duration. | ||||||
| helix-turn-helix (HTH) : this family of transcriptionally active proteins depends on the helix-turn-helix motif for dimerization | Homeobox (Hox) genes : first identified as master switch transcriptional regulators of early development. Hox genes control body segmentation and more recently have been found to play a role in regulating hematopoietic stem cell survival and proliferation. | |||||
| zinc finger domain proteins : a large family of transcriptionally active proteins that includes the steroid hormone receptors. The presence of conserved histidine and cysteine residues allows chelation of a zinc atom and results in the formation of a loop structure called the zinc finger domain. | ||||||
| forkhead family | FOXP3 | CD4+ regulatory T cells |
Copyright © 2001-2005 Daniele Focosi.
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